The present invention provides a transmitter for predicting stress on a formwork element (10) during and/or after pouring a building material (M), in particular concrete, into a space enclosed by a formwork (2) including the formwork element (10), the formwork element (10) comprising a form face (12) and a support structure (14) which is attached to the form face (12) and supporting the form face (12), wherein the form face (12) is separated from or integrated into the support structure (14), the system (1) comprising data acquisition means (16a, 16b, 16c, 16d, 16e), at least one sensor unit (18a, 18b, 18c, 18d, 18e), a control unit (20a, 20b, 20c, 20d, 20e) and a transmission unit (22a, 22b, 22c, 22d, 22e).

Disclosed are a measurement sensor and a measurement method for measuring bond-slip at a steel-concrete interface (SCI). The measurement sensor mainly includes a specially-made spring steel sheet, strain gauges, force transmission clamps, flat-head rounded-corner limiting rods, a Π-shaped metal jacket, rectangular metal jackets, inverted T-shaped metal jackets, and wires. Two electric resistance strain gauges are respectively bonded on the front and back sides of the specially-made spring steel sheet; each electric resistance strain gauge is welded with a thin wire; two force transmission clamps are respectively fastened on the front and back sides of the specially-made spring steel sheet though rivets; a core measurement element is inserted into a measurement box assembled by three metal jackets above; the inverted T-shaped metal jackets are fastened through screws. Finally, the assembled structure is installed on a to-be-measured SCI using flat-head rounded-corner limiting rods, so as to form the measurement sensor.

A portable electronic device may include an electrical resistance sensor and a battery assembly being adjacent to the electrical resistance sensor. The electrical resistance sensor is positioned to be compressed when the battery assembly swells, and the electrical resistance sensor further includes a pressure sensitive material that exhibits a characteristic of changing an electrical conductance when compressed.

A transmitter for predicting stress on a formwork element during and/or after pouring a building material, in particular concrete, into a space enclosed by a formwork including the formwork element, the formwork element comprising a form face and a support structure which is attached to the form face and supporting the form face, wherein the form face is separated from or integrated into the support structure, the system comprising data acquisition means, at least one sensor unit, a control unit and a transmission unit.

The invention discloses an experimental system of surrounding rock and lining structure under unequal surrounding pressure and water pressure, comprising: reaction wall, lining structure, external water pressure loading mechanism, internal water pressure loading mechanism, prestress-loading mechanism, surrounding rock layer and monitoring device. The Experimental System can simulate the stress characteristics and related deformation characteristics of the surrounding rock of the tunnel and the lining structure of the water conveyance tunnel under complex internal and external loads in the actual environment, and can help to analyze and study the broken appearance of the lining structure and the crack distribution after cracking.

A railyard switch run through (SRT) detection system includes at least one sensor, a detection node in communication with the at least one sensor, where the detection node includes a microcontroller and a power source, and an alert station in communication with the detection node. The alert station includes an indicator and a power source, where the detection node, based on data from the at least one sensor, is configured to detect an SRT event and activate the indicator of the alert station.

According to one implementation, a structural health monitoring system includes an ultrasonic transducer, an ultrasonic sensor, a strain sensor and a signal processing part. The ultrasonic transducer oscillates an ultrasonic wave to the first inspection area. The ultrasonic sensor detects a waveform of at least one of a transmission wave of the ultrasonic wave and a reflected wave of the ultrasonic wave. The transmission wave has transmitted the first inspection area. The reflected wave has been reflected in the first inspection area. The strain sensor detects a strain amount of the second inspection area. The signal processing part obtains at least one index, representing health of the structural object including the first inspection area and the second inspection area, based on the waveform detected by the ultrasonic sensor and the strain amount detected by the strain sensor.

A display panel is provided. The display panel includes display elements in a display area; a touch electrode layer at least partially in the display area, wherein the display elements and the touch electrode layer are absent in a window region that is at least partially surrounded by the display area and a crack detection circuit. The crack detection circuit includes an integrated circuit; and a first conduction loop electrically connected to the integrated circuit. The first conduction loop includes a window region crack detection line substantially surrounding the window region; and at least a portion of the first conduction loop includes a first metal line in a first layer and a second metal line in a second layer, the first metal line connected to the second metal line through a via extending through a touch insulating layer.

An arrangement includes a fiber-reinforced composite component or assembly and a monitoring device. The composite component or assembly includes at least first and second reinforcing fiber formation sections stitched to each other using a yarn to connect the fiber formation sections along a seam, the yarn being electrically conductive along a length thereof. The monitoring device is configured and coupled to the yarn so as to be capable of sending an electrical input signal along at least a section of the yarn that forms the seam or part thereof and receiving a response signal on the yarn. Furthermore, an aircraft or spacecraft is provided including at least one arrangement of this type, as well as a method of producing an arrangement including a fiber-reinforced composite component or composite assembly, and a method of monitoring the structural integrity of a fiber-reinforced composite component or assembly.

A semiconductor element includes a plurality of microlenses provided on a main surface to collect light, a plurality of conductive electrodes provided on a back surface of the main surface, a photoelectric converter to which the light collected by the plurality of microlenses is guided, and a strain sensor provided on the same layer as the photoelectric converter to detect a strain. A solid-state imaging apparatus includes the semiconductor element, a transparent member, an adhesive layer that covers the plurality of microlenses and adheres to the transparent member, and a plurality of external connection electrodes electrically connected to the plurality of conductive electrodes, respectively.