An NIR analyzer with the optical probes across a pipe, or in a bypass configuration, after a stabilizer in an oil or condensate production plant. Prior to use, liquid samples from the plant are analyzed in a chemical lab to obtain reference vapor pressure or compositional values. A chemometric model using known techniques is then built with the captured absorption spectra and the reference lab results. Preprocessing methodologies can be used to help mitigate interferences of the fluid, instrument drift, and contaminate build up on the lenses in contact with the fluid. The chemometric model is implemented through the NIR analyzer as the calibration curve to predict the vapor pressure or other values of the flowing fluid in real time.

A radio frequency sensor system comprising a housing defining a resonant cavity. Radio frequency probe(s) in the cavity transmit and/or receive radio frequency signals. A radio frequency control unit is in communication with the radio frequency probe(s) for determining one or more states of the radio frequency sensor system based on changes in the characteristics of the radio frequency signals. A machine learning system is in communication with the radio frequency control unit for identifying and developing transfer functions and calibrations based on the changes in the characteristics of the radio frequency signals and determining the one or more states of the radio frequency sensor system.

A radio frequency sensor system comprising a housing defining a resonant cavity. Radio frequency probe(s) in the cavity transmit and/or receive radio frequency signals. A radio frequency control unit is in communication with the radio frequency probe(s) for determining one or more states of the radio frequency sensor system based on changes in the characteristics of the radio frequency signals. A machine learning system is in communication with the radio frequency control unit for identifying and developing transfer functions and calibrations based on the changes in the characteristics of the radio frequency signals and determining the one or more states of the radio frequency sensor system.

Determining the thermodynamic state of fuel includes opening the venting connection to release the tank pressure while monitoring the derivative pressure (dP/dt), closing the venting connection when one of the following conditions is met, the derivative pressure (dP/dt) is lower than a predetermined threshold DP1 or the opening time t1 reaches a predetermined value, if the closing of the venting connection occurs when the opening time t1 reaches the said predetermined value, determining that the fuel is boiling and aborting the method if the closing of the venting connection occurs when the derivative pressure (dP/dt) is lower than the said threshold DP1, measuring an initial tank pressure at the closing of the venting connection, measuring the final tank pressure after a closure time t2, calculating the pressure variation (P/t2), comparing the pressure variation (P/t2) with a first threshold PV1, if the pressure is lower then aborting the method.

Determining the thermodynamic state of fuel includes opening the venting connection to release the tank pressure while monitoring the derivative pressure (dP/dt), closing the venting connection when one of the following conditions is met, the derivative pressure (dP/dt) is lower than a predetermined threshold DP1 or the opening time t1 reaches a predetermined value, if the closing of the venting connection occurs when the opening time t1 reaches the said predetermined value, determining that the fuel is boiling and aborting the method if the closing of the venting connection occurs when the derivative pressure (dP/dt) is lower than the said threshold DP1, measuring an initial tank pressure at the closing of the venting connection, measuring the final tank pressure after a closure time t2, calculating the pressure variation (P/t2), comparing the pressure variation (P/t2) with a first threshold PV1, if the pressure is lower then aborting the method.

In a nitrogen generator, multiple, concurrent gas pressure monitors constantly and simultaneously monitor gas pressures at key points in the nitrogen generation process, and a controller generates an alarm when the pressure at any point falls below a respective predetermined pressure level, and remains there for longer than a respective predetermined duration. In some embodiments, a run time of the nitrogen separation unit is additionally monitored. Additionally, in some embodiments, if the output pressure of nitrogen gas falls below a predetermined pressure level, a bypass route is activated to route compressed air directly to the output, thus sacrificing nitrogen gas purity but maintaining required minimum pressure for downstream systems

In a nitrogen generator, multiple, concurrent gas pressure monitors constantly and simultaneously monitor gas pressures at key points in the nitrogen generation process, and a controller generates an alarm when the pressure at any point falls below a respective predetermined pressure level, and remains there for longer than a respective predetermined duration. In some embodiments, a run time of the nitrogen separation unit is additionally monitored. Additionally, in some embodiments, if the output pressure of nitrogen gas falls below a predetermined pressure level, a bypass route is activated to route compressed air directly to the output, thus sacrificing nitrogen gas purity but maintaining required minimum pressure for downstream systems

A flow rate verification unit that uses the pressure variation value per unit time of a pressure measurement value measured by a pressure gauge and a temperature measurement value measured by a thermometer in a state where a second shut-off valve is closed to calculate the volume between a flow-rate control valve and the second shut-off valve and verifies the flow rates of mass flow controllers one at a time, wherein a first verification side connection part attachably and detachably connected to an integrated gas unit is provided upstream from the pressure gauge and a serially connected verification gas input valve, verification side mass flow controller, and verification side flow rate control valve are provided in parallel with the second shut-off valve.

A flow rate verification unit that uses the pressure variation value per unit time of a pressure measurement value measured by a pressure gauge and a temperature measurement value measured by a thermometer in a state where a second shut-off valve is closed to calculate the volume between a flow-rate control valve and the second shut-off valve and verifies the flow rates of mass flow controllers one at a time, wherein a first verification side connection part attachably and detachably connected to an integrated gas unit is provided upstream from the pressure gauge and a serially connected verification gas input valve, verification side mass flow controller, and verification side flow rate control valve are provided in parallel with the second shut-off valve.

A transepidermal water loss measurement device includes a cylindrical closed chamber having a closed end and an open end to come into contact with the skin at a position at which a rate of water loss is to be measured and a transepidermal water loss measurement unit that measures a rate of transepidermal water loss of the skin by detecting levels of humidity and changes in humidity level in the closed chamber.