A method of determining an API gravity of a crude oil is provided. The method includes obtaining a reservoir sample containing the crude oil and heating the sample to a first temperature using an oxidative testing apparatus. The sample is then heated to a second temperature, which is greater than the first temperature, over a period using a fixed heating rate. The rate of carbon dioxide emission from the sample is detected during the period of heating to the second temperature. The peak rate of carbon dioxide emission from the sample is then determined and the peak carbon dioxide emission temperature associated with the peak rate of carbon dioxide emission is also determined. The API gravity of the crude oil in the reservoir sample is determined using an empirical correlation between API gravity and the peak carbon dioxide emission temperature associated with the fixed heating rate.

A method of determining an API gravity of a crude oil is provided. The method includes obtaining a reservoir sample containing the crude oil and heating the sample to a first temperature using an oxidative testing apparatus. The sample is then heated to a second temperature, which is greater than the first temperature, over a period using a fixed heating rate. The rate of carbon dioxide emission from the sample is detected during the period of heating to the second temperature. The peak rate of carbon dioxide emission from the sample is then determined and the peak carbon dioxide emission temperature associated with the peak rate of carbon dioxide emission is also determined. The API gravity of the crude oil in the reservoir sample is determined using an empirical correlation between API gravity and the peak carbon dioxide emission temperature associated with the fixed heating rate.

A sensing system includes a sensor mounted on a surface that is subjected to a load. The sensor is configured to detect a first field value related to the surface. A memory is configured to store information regarding the surface. A processor is coupled to the memory and in communication with the sensor. The processor is configured to determine a second field value based on the detected first field value and the information regarding the surface.

A sensing system includes a sensor mounted on a surface that is subjected to a load. The sensor is configured to detect a first field value related to the surface. A memory is configured to store information regarding the surface. A processor is coupled to the memory and in communication with the sensor. The processor is configured to determine a second field value based on the detected first field value and the information regarding the surface.

Disclosed are an apparatus for measuring an in-situ crosslink density includes a support configured to fix or support a cross-linkable structure, a light source configured to irradiate light for crosslinking to the cross-linkable structure, and a probe configured to provide in-situ micro-deformation to the cross-linkable structure, wherein the in-situ crosslink density of the cross-linkable structure is measured from a stress-strain phase lag of the cross-linkable structure by the in-situ micro-deformation, a method of measuring the in-situ crosslink density, a method of manufacturing a crosslinked product, a crosslinked product obtained by the method, and a polymer substrate and an electronic device including the crosslinked product.

Disclosed are an apparatus for measuring an in-situ crosslink density includes a support configured to fix or support a cross-linkable structure, a light source configured to irradiate light for crosslinking to the cross-linkable structure, and a probe configured to provide in-situ micro-deformation to the cross-linkable structure, wherein the in-situ crosslink density of the cross-linkable structure is measured from a stress-strain phase lag of the cross-linkable structure by the in-situ micro-deformation, a method of measuring the in-situ crosslink density, a method of manufacturing a crosslinked product, a crosslinked product obtained by the method, and a polymer substrate and an electronic device including the crosslinked product.

This specification describes a leaf cell resonator sensor based on a geometry of Rhodonea conformal contours joined circumferentially in an eight-fold symmetry by central spoke electrode members. The resonator sensor may provide simultaneous and congruent measurement of fluid density and sound speed based on interaction of the leaf cell dynamics with self-formed Helmholtz cavity dilatational response of the fluid, and the associated changes in electrical admittance spectra in the sensor resulting from changes in fluid acoustic properties. A leaf cell resonator sensor may be capable of retrieving a density and sound speed measurement from fluid independent of the method of deployment, resulting from the principle of the self-formed Helmholtz resonant cavity feature that develops a standing acoustic wave pattern in the fluid without extraneous reflecting structure/hardware.

A method for inferring an inferred speed of sound of a flow fluid is disclosed. The method is conducted by a computer system (200) having a processor (210) and a memory (220), the processor (210) configured to execute instructions from the memory (220) and store data in the memory (220), the memory (220) having a SoS inference module (202). The method includes inferring, by the SoS inference module (202), the inferred speed of sound of the flow fluid based on an inferential relationship between a measured density of the flow fluid and the inferred speed of sound of the flow fluid.

A method for inferring an inferred speed of sound of a flow fluid is disclosed. The method is conducted by a computer system (200) having a processor (210) and a memory (220), the processor (210) configured to execute instructions from the memory (220) and store data in the memory (220), the memory (220) having a SoS inference module (202). The method includes inferring, by the SoS inference module (202), the inferred speed of sound of the flow fluid based on an inferential relationship between a measured density of the flow fluid and the inferred speed of sound of the flow fluid.

A method of detecting at least one contaminant in a flow of a liquid fuel includes measuring one or more parameters of a flow of the liquid fuel. Based on the measured one or more parameters, one or more properties of the liquid fuel are determined. A plurality of features are from selected ones of the one or more parameters and one or more properties. A trained classification model is applied on the extracted features to determine a type and a quantity of at least one contaminant in the liquid fuel.