A grain cleaning system for a combine harvester having a transmitter adapted to transmit a base signal at a known frequency and one or more spaced receivers for detecting signals of a different frequency as reflected from airborne grain and other materials within the duct of the grain cleaning system. An Electronic Control Unit modulates the base signal and the reflected signals to obtain Doppler signals or frequencies from which an average particle velocity is determined. The particle velocity is used as an input parameter for the generation of control signals for the adjustment of various working units of the combine harvester including, by way of example, the fan and sieves.

Methods may include estimating the weight fractions of kerogen and inorganic mineral components of at least an interval of a subsurface formation; determining the grain density of kerogen and inorganic mineral components, wherein at least the grain density of kerogen is determined by one or more infrared measurements; and calculating the formation matrix density of at least an interval of the subsurface formation from the estimated weight fractions and the determined grain density. In another aspect, methods may include estimating the weight fractions of kerogen and inorganic mineral components of at least an interval of a subsurface formation; determining the grain density of kerogen and inorganic mineral components, wherein at least the grain density of kerogen is determined by one or more infrared measurements; and calculating the formation matrix density of at least an interval of the subsurface formation from the estimated weight fractions and the determined grain density; calculating the bulk density for at least an interval of the subsurface formation; and determining the total porosity of at least an interval of the subsurface formation as a function of depth by combining the calculated formation matrix density and the calculated bulk density.

Methods may include estimating the weight fractions of kerogen and inorganic mineral components of at least an interval of a subsurface formation; determining the grain density of kerogen and inorganic mineral components, wherein at least the grain density of kerogen is determined by one or more infrared measurements; and calculating the formation matrix density of at least an interval of the subsurface formation from the estimated weight fractions and the determined grain density. In another aspect, methods may include estimating the weight fractions of kerogen and inorganic mineral components of at least an interval of a subsurface formation; determining the grain density of kerogen and inorganic mineral components, wherein at least the grain density of kerogen is determined by one or more infrared measurements; and calculating the formation matrix density of at least an interval of the subsurface formation from the estimated weight fractions and the determined grain density; calculating the bulk density for at least an interval of the subsurface formation; and determining the total porosity of at least an interval of the subsurface formation as a function of depth by combining the calculated formation matrix density and the calculated bulk density.

An HF olefin/isoparaffin alkylation process is carried out in an alkylation unit with a settling vessel in which the alkylate product is separated from the HF acid catalyst containing water and acid soluble oil (ASO). The density of the liquids in the settling vessel is measured at different levels by means of a nuclear density profile analyzer. The acid strength of the acid phase is determined from the density measurement and an optional temperature measurement. The proportion of water in the acid phase may also be measured separately by measurement of its electrical conductivity to determine the respective contributions of the water and the ASO to the density of the HF acid phase.

A method produces a void fraction (VF) error curve which correlates an apparent VF with the actual VF of a multi-phase flow, the method comprising (a) using a device to measure a property of the multi-phase flow from which an apparent VF may be calculated; (b) calculating the apparent VF using the measured property from the device; (c) determining the actual VF of the multiphase flow using a radiometric densitometer; (d) using the values from steps (b) and (c) to calculate the VF error; (e) repeating steps (b) through (d) for all expected flow conditions to generate a VF error curve.

A method produces a void fraction (VF) error curve which correlates an apparent VF with the actual VF of a multi-phase flow, the method comprising (a) using a device to measure a property of the multi-phase flow from which an apparent VF may be calculated; (b) calculating the apparent VF using the measured property from the device; (c) determining the actual VF of the multiphase flow using a radiometric densitometer; (d) using the values from steps (b) and (c) to calculate the VF error; (e) repeating steps (b) through (d) for all expected flow conditions to generate a VF error curve.

Methods and apparatus are disclosed utilizing a low-order parametric model for decoupling in conjunction with an optimization procedure to improve the ability to determine the density of the liquid phase of a bubbly mixtures within Coriolis meters by characterizing the effect of decoupling in the presence of bubble coalescence.

Provided is a method for non-destructively measuring an electrode density and an electrode porosity of an electrode active material coated on an electrode base material using X-ray diffraction. According to the methods of the present invention, a value of I.sub.peak in parallel direction/I.sub.peak in perpendicular direction of the electrode active material is obtained by X-ray diffraction and an electrode density and an electrode porosity are calculated according to previously obtained correlations between the electrode density and I.sub.peak in parallel direction/I.sub.peak in perpendicular direction and between the electrode porosity and I.sub.peak in parallel direction/I.sub.peak in perpendicular direction.

Provided is a method for non-destructively measuring an electrode density and an electrode porosity of an electrode active material coated on an electrode base material using X-ray diffraction. According to the methods of the present invention, a value of I.sub.peak in parallel direction/I.sub.peak in perpendicular direction of the electrode active material is obtained by X-ray diffraction and an electrode density and an electrode porosity are calculated according to previously obtained correlations between the electrode density and I.sub.peak in parallel direction/I.sub.peak in perpendicular direction and between the electrode porosity and I.sub.peak in parallel direction/I.sub.peak in perpendicular direction.

Density measurement of mixtures of heavy and light crudes using the vibrating tube densitometer technique determine incompatibility in the crudes mixture containing asphaltenes by determining the incipient point of asphaltenes incompatibility threshold in the mixtures of crudes.