Systems and methods for spinwave-based metrology in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure involve generating and detecting spinwaves in a sample having a ferromagnetic material; and determining a material thickness, a material integrity measure, a presence of a manufacturing defect, a categorical type of manufacturing defect, and/or a manufacturing process statistic corresponding to spinwave behavior in the sample. In an embodiment, spinwaves are generated by way of concurrent exposure of a target measurement site of the sample to each of a bias magnetic field and radiation (e.g., microwave or radio frequency radiation) produced by a first set of integrated waveguides. A response signal corresponding to a behavior of spinwaves within the target measurement site can be generated by way of a second set of integrated waveguides. Various embodiments of systems and methods for generating spinwaves, detecting spinwaves, and calculating, analyzing, or monitoring one or more sample properties can be automated.

Systems and methods for spinwave-based metrology in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure involve generating and detecting spinwaves in a sample having a ferromagnetic material; and determining a material thickness, a material integrity measure, a presence of a manufacturing defect, a categorical type of manufacturing defect, and/or a manufacturing process statistic corresponding to spinwave behavior in the sample. In an embodiment, spinwaves are generated by way of concurrent exposure of a target measurement site of the sample to each of a bias magnetic field and radiation (e.g., microwave or radio frequency radiation) produced by a first set of integrated waveguides. A response signal corresponding to a behavior of spinwaves within the target measurement site can be generated by way of a second set of integrated waveguides. Various embodiments of systems and methods for generating spinwaves, detecting spinwaves, and calculating, analyzing, or monitoring one or more sample properties can be automated.

The present invention discloses a rapid evaluation method for quality of lignin-pyrolyzed bio-oil and an application thereof, and particularly relates to a rapid evaluation method for quality of lignin-pyrolyzed bio-oil based on radical detection and an application thereof. The method can be used to evaluate the quality of lignin-pyrolyzed bio-oil by detecting the spin concentration of radicals in lignin char obtained by lignin pyrolysis, thus avoiding the complex processes involved in the evaluation for the quality of conventional pyrolyzed bio-oils such as, extraction, separation and detection and reducing the detection costs substantially. The detection method of the present invention is simple and easy to operate, thus achieving the rapid evaluation for the quality of lignin-pyrolyzed bio-oil. Moreover, the detection method of the present invention is non-contact detection without destructive samples, which is applicable to the rapid detection on the quality of lignin-pyrolyzed bio-oil in the field of industry and scientific research. The present invention further broadens the application fields of radical detection and contributes to the development of radical detection technology in the field of pyrolysis, and provides a reliable method for the detection of lignin-pyrolyzed bio-oil, which has good application prospect.

The present invention discloses a rapid evaluation method for quality of lignin-pyrolyzed bio-oil and an application thereof, and particularly relates to a rapid evaluation method for quality of lignin-pyrolyzed bio-oil based on radical detection and an application thereof. The method can be used to evaluate the quality of lignin-pyrolyzed bio-oil by detecting the spin concentration of radicals in lignin char obtained by lignin pyrolysis, thus avoiding the complex processes involved in the evaluation for the quality of conventional pyrolyzed bio-oils such as, extraction, separation and detection and reducing the detection costs substantially. The detection method of the present invention is simple and easy to operate, thus achieving the rapid evaluation for the quality of lignin-pyrolyzed bio-oil. Moreover, the detection method of the present invention is non-contact detection without destructive samples, which is applicable to the rapid detection on the quality of lignin-pyrolyzed bio-oil in the field of industry and scientific research. The present invention further broadens the application fields of radical detection and contributes to the development of radical detection technology in the field of pyrolysis, and provides a reliable method for the detection of lignin-pyrolyzed bio-oil, which has good application prospect.

A substrate 1 includes a color center excited by excitation light, and at least a pair of reflection members 21a, 21b are arranged with gaps from the substrate 1. The substrate 1 causes the excitation light entering the substrate 1 to exit through its surfaces without reflection, and the reflection members 21a, 21b cause the exited excitation light to reflect at the reflection surface 21-1 or 21-2 and enter the substrate 1, and cause the excitation light to repeatedly enter and exit the substrate 1 and thereby pass through the substrate 1 only a predetermined number of times. Here, the irradiating device 4 emits the excitation light such that the excitation light is incident to the reflection surface 21-1 or 21-2 with an angle perpendicular to one axis among two axes of the reflection surface 21-1 or 21-2 and with a predetermined slant angle from the other axis.

A substrate 1 includes a color center excited by excitation light, and at least a pair of reflection members 21a, 21b are arranged with gaps from the substrate 1. The substrate 1 causes the excitation light entering the substrate 1 to exit through its surfaces without reflection, and the reflection members 21a, 21b cause the exited excitation light to reflect at the reflection surface 21-1 or 21-2 and enter the substrate 1, and cause the excitation light to repeatedly enter and exit the substrate 1 and thereby pass through the substrate 1 only a predetermined number of times. Here, the irradiating device 4 emits the excitation light such that the excitation light is incident to the reflection surface 21-1 or 21-2 with an angle perpendicular to one axis among two axes of the reflection surface 21-1 or 21-2 and with a predetermined slant angle from the other axis.

The invention relates to a measuring apparatus for detecting weak electromagnetic signals from a sample at low frequencies, specifically in the frequency range of 1 kHz-10 MHz, in particular, and to a measuring method. The problem addressed by the invention is that of providing an apparatus which can be used to detect weak electromagnetic signals from a sample, in particular in the frequency range of 1 kHz-40 MHz, with a good signal-to-noise ratio. For the solution, the measuring apparatus comprises an electromagnetic resonant circuit having a pick-up coil of low quality, a preferably tunable capacitance and a filter coil; the filter coil and the capacitance have a high quality of at least 100, advantageously at least 200, particularly preferably at least 500. Alternatively or additionally, the quality of the resonant circuit is at least 100, advantageously at least 200, particularly preferably at least 500. The quality of the filter coil and the quality of the capacitance exceed the quality of the pick-up coil, specifically at least by twice the amount. The measurement signal is then available at the two ends of the filter coil with a good signal-to-noise ratio.

The invention relates to a measuring apparatus for detecting weak electromagnetic signals from a sample at low frequencies, specifically in the frequency range of 1 kHz-10 MHz, in particular, and to a measuring method. The problem addressed by the invention is that of providing an apparatus which can be used to detect weak electromagnetic signals from a sample, in particular in the frequency range of 1 kHz-40 MHz, with a good signal-to-noise ratio. For the solution, the measuring apparatus comprises an electromagnetic resonant circuit having a pick-up coil of low quality, a preferably tunable capacitance and a filter coil; the filter coil and the capacitance have a high quality of at least 100, advantageously at least 200, particularly preferably at least 500. Alternatively or additionally, the quality of the resonant circuit is at least 100, advantageously at least 200, particularly preferably at least 500. The quality of the filter coil and the quality of the capacitance exceed the quality of the pick-up coil, specifically at least by twice the amount. The measurement signal is then available at the two ends of the filter coil with a good signal-to-noise ratio.

A magnetic resonance member 1 includes a diamond crystal including plural diamond nitrogen vacancy center, and a high-frequency magnetic field generator 2 applies magnetic field of microwave to the magnetic resonance member 1. The aforementioned plural diamond nitrogen vacancy centers include diamond nitrogen vacancy centers arranged in directions of predetermined plural axes among four axes that indicates four connection directions of carbon atoms in the diamond crystal; and the aforementioned magnetic resonance member 1 is arranged in a direction that provides a substantially largest sensitivity of the measurement target magnetic field in the diamond nitrogen vacancy centers arranged in the predetermined plural axes.

A body has multiple phases, which have different electron spin resonance spectra that do not result from the simple combination of the ESR spectra of each individual phase.