A reactor system for conducting multiple continuous reactions in parallel may include a preheating unit that includes an outer preheater shell and a plurality of heating tubes disposed within the preheating shell and arranged in parallel. The reactor system may include a reactor unit downstream of the preheating unit, the reactor unit comprising a plurality of reactor tubes disposed within a reactor shell and an outer heating element disposed about the reactor shell. An inlet end of at least one of the reactor tubes may be fluidly coupled to at least one of the heating tubes of the preheating unit. The reactor unit may include a multi-chamber separator downstream of the reactor unit, the multi-chamber separator having a plurality of separation chambers. At least one of the separation chambers may be fluidly coupled to at least one of the reactor tubes.

The invention relates to an integrated process for assessing one or more properties of a catalyst. In the method, a standard chemical reactor or reactors is/are provided, and a bypass means is also provided, to transport a sample of whatever is added to the industrial reactor, to the test reactor. Both gases and liquids are transferred to the test reactor.

The invention relates to an integrated process for assessing one or more properties of a catalyst. In the method, a standard chemical reactor or reactors is/are provided, and a bypass means is also provided, to transport a sample of whatever is added to the industrial reactor, to the test reactor. Both gases and liquids are transferred to the test reactor.

The disclosed hydrogen peroxide indicator includes a substrate on which is disposed an indicator composition that includes at least one of a select group of indicator compounds and a catalyst. As a result of contact with hydrogen peroxide, the indicator composition changes color, even from colorless to having a visually observable color, thereby providing an indication of the presence of hydrogen peroxide.

The disclosed hydrogen peroxide indicator includes a substrate on which is disposed an indicator composition that includes at least one of a select group of indicator compounds and a catalyst. As a result of contact with hydrogen peroxide, the indicator composition changes color, even from colorless to having a visually observable color, thereby providing an indication of the presence of hydrogen peroxide.

Provided is a method of breaking down an oxide formed on a tin whisker using a current-limited voltage. A circuit is formed on a region of interest with a pair of probes and a substrate. A first sweep breaks down the oxide formed on the tin whisker and includes a current limiting to prevent the whisker from fusing open. A second sweep is performed at lower voltages that will not produce sufficient current to fuse the whisker open. The electrical resistance of the tin whisker is measured after breaking down the oxide. The inventive method allows for direct measurement of the resistance of metallic whiskers, does not require extrapolation from ideal electrical properties of bulk materials, allows for testing resistance in a variety of environments, and allows for measurement of time dependent variables, such as how long it takes for the oxide to reform in various environments.

Provided is a method of breaking down an oxide formed on a tin whisker using a current-limited voltage. A circuit is formed on a region of interest with a pair of probes and a substrate. A first sweep breaks down the oxide formed on the tin whisker and includes a current limiting to prevent the whisker from fusing open. A second sweep is performed at lower voltages that will not produce sufficient current to fuse the whisker open. The electrical resistance of the tin whisker is measured after breaking down the oxide. The inventive method allows for direct measurement of the resistance of metallic whiskers, does not require extrapolation from ideal electrical properties of bulk materials, allows for testing resistance in a variety of environments, and allows for measurement of time dependent variables, such as how long it takes for the oxide to reform in various environments.

A method for manufacturing a gas sensor may be provided, the method comprising the steps of: preparing a metal nanowire; manufacturing a thermoelectric composite by adding a polymer bead to the metal nanowire, and then mechanically mixing same; manufacturing a thermoelectric layer by hot-pressing the thermoelectric composite; forming a first electrode on the upper surface of the thermoelectric layer, and forming a second electrode on the lower surface of the thermoelectric layer; and disposing a heating catalyst layer on the first electrode.

A method for manufacturing a gas sensor may be provided, the method comprising the steps of: preparing a metal nanowire; manufacturing a thermoelectric composite by adding a polymer bead to the metal nanowire, and then mechanically mixing same; manufacturing a thermoelectric layer by hot-pressing the thermoelectric composite; forming a first electrode on the upper surface of the thermoelectric layer, and forming a second electrode on the lower surface of the thermoelectric layer; and disposing a heating catalyst layer on the first electrode.

The present invention provides a photolytic converter for converting reactant molecules in a fluid sample into product molecules by photolytic dissociation with electromagnetic radiation. The converter has a reaction chamber in communication with one or more electromagnetic radiation sources, an inflow conduit for conveying the fluid sample into the reaction chamber, and an outflow conduit for conveying the fluid sample out of the reaction chamber into a receptacle, wherein at least one of the first and outflow conduits extends into the reaction chamber. The receptacle can comprise detection means for generating a signal indicative of a concentration of product molecules in the processed fluid sample.