An abnormality of a state in a system between a combustion tube and a detector can be detected without increasing device cost. An instrument for elemental analysis includes a combustion tube (2) that has a sample injection port (3) with an open top and is for combusting a liquid sample in the inside, a sample injection mechanism (6) having a nozzle (10) and a slider (8), the nozzle (10) being for injecting a sample into the combustion tube, and the slider (8) being configured to slide between a first position and a second position above the combustion tube (2), the sample injection mechanism (6) being configured so that the sample injection port (3) of the combustion tube (2) is sealed in a state where the slider (8) is positioned at the first position, and the sample injection port (3) is unsealed and the nozzle (10) is positioned above the sample injection port (3) in a state where the slider (8) is positioned at the second position, a carrier gas supply flow path (26) communicating with the inside of the combustion tube (2) to supply carrier gas into the combustion tube (2), a pressure sensor (30) for detecting pressure in the carrier gas supply flow path (26), a detector (22) that detects a component in sample gas flowing out of the combustion tube (2), and an arithmetic part (44) configured to determine an abnormality degree of a state in a system between the combustion tube and the detector based on a change in pressure, which is detected by the pressure sensor (30), at the time when the slider (8) of the sample injection mechanism (6) slides from the first position to the second position.

An abnormality of a state in a system between a combustion tube and a detector can be detected without increasing device cost. An instrument for elemental analysis includes a combustion tube (2) that has a sample injection port (3) with an open top and is for combusting a liquid sample in the inside, a sample injection mechanism (6) having a nozzle (10) and a slider (8), the nozzle (10) being for injecting a sample into the combustion tube, and the slider (8) being configured to slide between a first position and a second position above the combustion tube (2), the sample injection mechanism (6) being configured so that the sample injection port (3) of the combustion tube (2) is sealed in a state where the slider (8) is positioned at the first position, and the sample injection port (3) is unsealed and the nozzle (10) is positioned above the sample injection port (3) in a state where the slider (8) is positioned at the second position, a carrier gas supply flow path (26) communicating with the inside of the combustion tube (2) to supply carrier gas into the combustion tube (2), a pressure sensor (30) for detecting pressure in the carrier gas supply flow path (26), a detector (22) that detects a component in sample gas flowing out of the combustion tube (2), and an arithmetic part (44) configured to determine an abnormality degree of a state in a system between the combustion tube and the detector based on a change in pressure, which is detected by the pressure sensor (30), at the time when the slider (8) of the sample injection mechanism (6) slides from the first position to the second position.

The present invention provides a photolytic converter for converting reactant molecules in a fluid sample into product molecules by photolytic dissociation with electromagnetic radiation. The converter has a reaction chamber in communication with one or more electromagnetic radiation sources, an inflow conduit for conveying the fluid sample into the reaction chamber, and an outflow conduit for conveying the fluid sample out of the reaction chamber into a receptacle, wherein at least one of the first and outflow conduits extends into the reaction chamber. The receptacle can comprise detection means for generating a signal indicative of a concentration of product molecules in the processed fluid sample.

Methods of catalytic process characterization using a reaction system having two or more reaction strands in a parallel arrangement, wherein each reaction strand has multiple series-connected reaction chambers or a single reaction chamber. Each reaction strand is supplied with a reactant stream subjected to process stages. Product streams discharged from the reaction strands are subjected to an analytical characterization, wherein the data achieved in the characterization are expressed in relative terms including the forming of a difference.

Methods of catalytic process characterization using a reaction system having two or more reaction strands in a parallel arrangement, wherein each reaction strand has multiple series-connected reaction chambers or a single reaction chamber. Each reaction strand is supplied with a reactant stream subjected to process stages. Product streams discharged from the reaction strands are subjected to an analytical characterization, wherein the data achieved in the characterization are expressed in relative terms including the forming of a difference.

Disclosed is a hydrogen sensor. The hydrogen sensor includes a substrate; a color changeable layer disposed on the substrate and made of an oxide semiconductor material, wherein when the oxide semiconductor material reacts with hydrogen ions or hydrogen atoms, a color thereof changes; a catalyst layer disposed on a surface of the color changeable layer and made of a catalyst material, wherein the catalyst material dissociates hydrogen molecules (H2) into hydrogen atoms (H) or hydrogen ions (H.sup.+); and a protective layer disposed to cover a surface of the catalyst layer and an exposed surface of the color changeable layer, and made of a polymer material, wherein the polymer material allows hydrogen molecules to pass therethrough but blocks water molecules.

[Problem] To provide a novel artificial protein catalyst that enables the protection of a catalyst from substances in vivo and has potential usefulness in therapeutic in vivo synthetic chemistry.

[Solution] Provided is a complex of a protein and a catalyst selected from a metal catalyst or organic catalyst. In the complex according to the present invention, the protein is a protein having a hydrophobic pocket in the three-dimensional structure thereof, and the catalyst is housed in the hydrophobic pocket so that the catalyst is not or substantially not exposed to a hydrophilic environment.

[Problem] To provide a novel artificial protein catalyst that enables the protection of a catalyst from substances in vivo and has potential usefulness in therapeutic in vivo synthetic chemistry.

[Solution] Provided is a complex of a protein and a catalyst selected from a metal catalyst or organic catalyst. In the complex according to the present invention, the protein is a protein having a hydrophobic pocket in the three-dimensional structure thereof, and the catalyst is housed in the hydrophobic pocket so that the catalyst is not or substantially not exposed to a hydrophilic environment.

Provided are a method and system for measuring hydrogen peroxide concentration in sample water collected from a prescribed position in a water treatment process and includes: collecting the sample water; measuring a concentration of a dissolved oxygen in the sample water or a treated water obtained by treating the sample water with the hydrogen peroxide decomposing device by first and second dissolved oxygen concentration measuring analyzers to obtain a corrected value that is a difference between the two dissolved oxygen concentration values; measuring the concentration of the dissolved oxygen in the sample and treated water by the first and second dissolved oxygen concentration measuring analyzers, respectively, and obtaining a measured value that is a difference between the dissolved oxygen concentration values; and calculating a corrected concentration of hydrogen peroxide from the measured value obtained during the measured value obtaining and the corrected value obtained during the corrected value obtaining.

A catalyst includes at least one of a porous or particulate material having a plurality of active sites that attract reactants thereto. The active sites have a spacing within a predetermined range so as to enable a chemical reaction to be enhanced through use of potential energy of intermolecular adsorption compression or intramolecular adsorption stretching of one or more reactants to decrease the activation energy barrier or by adsorption compression of one or more reaction products leading to an increased desorption rate for the reaction product molecule and thereby an increased overall rate of reaction.