A method for detecting and measuring the amount of an ionic impurity, notably formula (A) and/or formula (B) in a liquid sample, notably water, comprises: Introducing the liquid sample through a liquid inlet into a measurement cell, notably an optical cavity of an optical spectrometer; Causing vaporisation of the liquid sample by maintaining the pressure in the measurement cell below the saturated vapour pressure of the liquid sample; Causing the formation of gas-phase reaction product(s) of the ionic impurity; Measuring the amount of the gas-phase reaction product(s) of the ionic impurity in the measurement cell.

Method for determining the UV transmittance of water in a UV disinfection plant, through which water flows, wherein the UV disinfection plant has a plurality of radiator arrangements, each with a UV radiation source, a sleeve tube which surrounds the UV radiation source and which has an end face at an open end, and with a UV-C sensor which detects the UV radiation emerging from the sleeve tube without the influence of the water, and with at least one further UV sensor which is arranged at a distance from the sleeve tubes of the radiator arrangements, wherein the method includes the following steps: measuring the UV radiant power emerging from the sleeve tube; measuring an amount of the transmitted radiant power by the further UV sensor; and determining the transmittance of the water by an amount of the emerged radiant power and of the transmitted radiant power.

Method for determining the UV transmittance of water in a UV disinfection plant, through which water flows, wherein the UV disinfection plant has a plurality of radiator arrangements, each with a UV radiation source, a sleeve tube which surrounds the UV radiation source and which has an end face at an open end, and with a UV-C sensor which detects the UV radiation emerging from the sleeve tube without the influence of the water, and with at least one further UV sensor which is arranged at a distance from the sleeve tubes of the radiator arrangements, wherein the method includes the following steps: measuring the UV radiant power emerging from the sleeve tube; measuring an amount of the transmitted radiant power by the further UV sensor; and determining the transmittance of the water by an amount of the emerged radiant power and of the transmitted radiant power.

Disclosed herein are a method for analyzing heavy metal removal efficiency using phase difference analysis and an apparatus using the method. The method for analyzing heavy metal removal efficiency using phase difference analysis includes applying a magnetic field to a magnetite onto which a heavy metal is adsorbed, based on a first solenoid coil and a second solenoid coil that have an identical winding direction, applying a high-frequency signal to the magnetite, based on a third solenoid coil having a winding direction that differs from that of the first solenoid coil and the second solenoid coil, detecting a high-frequency signal transformed by the magnetite, and calculating a phase difference between a previously detected default high-frequency signal and the transformed high-frequency signal, and analyzing an efficiency of heavy metal removal by the magnetite by measuring a concentration of the heavy metal based on the phase difference.

An electrochemical sensor is used in a state of being immersed in water to be inspected for water quality inspection. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, a first counter electrode, and a second counter electrode. The working electrode, the reference electrode, the first counter electrode, and the second counter electrode are electrically isolated from each other.

An electrochemical sensor is used in a state of being immersed in water to be inspected for water quality inspection. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, a first counter electrode, and a second counter electrode. The working electrode, the reference electrode, the first counter electrode, and the second counter electrode are electrically isolated from each other.

The present disclosure provides a color chart and a test kit for estimating chemical oxygen demand of water. The color chart includes a blue component, an indigo component, an umber component, and an orange component. The test kit includes an oxidant, a reductant, an indicator, and the color chart. The present disclosure also provides a method for estimating chemical oxygen demand of water. The method includes providing a water sample; adding an oxidant to the water sample; heating the water sample; adding a reductant to the water sample; adding an indicator to the water sample, such that the water sample develops a color; and matching the color of the water sample with the color components of the color chart to estimate the chemical oxygen demand of the water sample.

The present disclosure relates to an amperometric sensor for measuring free chlorine, which sensor comprises:

an elongate body with a tip, wherein the circumferential surface of the body constitutes a counter electrode;

a reference electrode having a silver/silverchloride electrode surface arranged on the tip of the elongate body; and

a working electrode having a gold electrode surface arranged on the tip of the elongate body wherein the gold electrode surface is composed out of a string of electrically connected, spaced apart surface parts.

A comprehensive system for potential risk identification and pollution prewarning of groundwater comprises a cable laying device, a monitoring cable, and an electromagnetic retrieving device which are located in groundwater between two adjacent wells, wherein the two adjacent wells comprise a first well and a second well, the second well is located at a lower water level of the first well and communicates with the first well, the electromagnetic retrieving device is located in the second well, a plurality of sensors are arranged on the monitoring cable, and one end of the monitoring cable is connected to the cable laying device. The cable laying device comprises a device body, an anchoring module arranged at a bottom of the device body, and an electromagnetic adsorption module arranged on the device body. The monitoring cable is connected to the cable laying device after passing through the anchoring module.

A comprehensive system for potential risk identification and pollution prewarning of groundwater comprises a cable laying device, a monitoring cable, and an electromagnetic retrieving device which are located in groundwater between two adjacent wells, wherein the two adjacent wells comprise a first well and a second well, the second well is located at a lower water level of the first well and communicates with the first well, the electromagnetic retrieving device is located in the second well, a plurality of sensors are arranged on the monitoring cable, and one end of the monitoring cable is connected to the cable laying device. The cable laying device comprises a device body, an anchoring module arranged at a bottom of the device body, and an electromagnetic adsorption module arranged on the device body. The monitoring cable is connected to the cable laying device after passing through the anchoring module.