The present invention relates to a cellulose filter paper for testing the ignition propensity of cigarette paper that is provided with a marking with which the rough surface of the filter paper can be distinguished from the smooth surface, and a method for its production, a method for testing the ignition propensity of cigarette paper, and a kit having a plurality of such filter papers or stacks of such filter papers.

A system and method are provided for predictive control of brown stock treatment at a pulp mill. Various online sensors generate output signals representative of actual values for respective process characteristics, each of which are directly or indirectly affected by adjustments to corresponding process variables. A controller uses the output signals or associated measurement data to dynamically set target values for the process characteristics based on a predicted impact of control responses for corresponding process variables. The controller further generates control signals to actuators associated with the respective process variables based on detected variations between the respective actual values and target values. Exemplary brown stock washing control systems may optimize various types of brown stock washing configurations, including for example vacuum drum washers, compaction baffle washers, chemiwashers, direct displacement washers and wash presses. Cloud-based analytics and machine learning may also be implemented to improve the control algorithms over time.

An approximation B′f(Id,λ) of a fluorescence spectral emissivity coefficient by a standard illumination light Id is obtained at following steps from spectral power distributions R(Ik,λ) of sample radiation lights radiated from a fluorescence whitened sample when the fluorescence whitened sample is sequentially illuminated with a plurality of excitation lights Ik having different spectral power distributions, and a spectral power distribution Id(λ) of the standard illumination light Id. Spectral power distributions Rf(Ik,λ) of fluorescence are obtained from the spectral power distributions R(Ik,λ) by respective excitation lights Ik (first step). The spectral power distributions Rf(Ik,λ) of fluorescence by the respective excitation lights Ik are linearly combined with a given weighting coefficient Wk, and an approximation R′f(Id,λ) of a spectral power distribution of fluorescence by the standard illumination light Id is obtained by equation (second step: #11). From the approximation R′f(Id,λ) and the spectral power distribution Id(λ) of the standard illumination light Id, the approximation B′f(Id,λ) is obtained by equation (third step: #12).

Medicine packaging apparatuses and methods for accurately determining a remaining sheet amount of a medicine packaging sheet are described. The apparatus includes: a roll support section to which a core tube of a medicine packaging sheet roll is attached; a sensor disposed in the roll support section for outputting a count value according to a rotation amount; a wireless reader-writer unit for writing information to a core tube IC tag and reading said information; an information generation section for generating information to be written to the core tube IC tag; a remaining sheet amount estimation section for estimating a current amount of remaining sheet based on the information and dimensional information of the core tube; and a controller which selectively performs an operation if a reference time-point count value is not yet written to the core tube IC tag and another operation if the count value is already written thereto.

A method for quantitating the amount of lint shed from a paper towel, the method comprising: preparing a sample of paper towel to be analyzed; depositing lint from the sample onto a substantially lint-free surface by moving the sample thereupon in a specific pattern; collecting the lint deposited on the surface, wherein collecting the lint deposited on the surface comprises, substantially immediately upon depositing lint from the sample onto the surface, washing the deposited lint from the surface into a tared, cleaned, empty vessel; and determining the amount of collected lint.

Time-of-flight measurements calculate the absolute caliper of a moving film independent of the film's index of refraction. A reflective fiber coupled terahertz gauge is mounted co-axially with a temperature stabilized Z-sensor positioned within a scanner head. The terahertz gauge monitors four reflections: (1) the reflection from a sensor window, (2, 3) the reflections from the top and bottom surfaces of the sheet product being measured, and (4) the reflection from a reflector that is placed behind the sheet. The Z-sensor monitors the distance between the reflector and the sensor window. The terahertz reflection delays together with the Z distance measurements allow extraction of the caliper. Since the time delay due to the sheet is a function of thickness and index of refraction, the basis weight of the sheet can be determined by using a calibration of the sensor relating basis weight of the product to time delay.

A measurement apparatus of a moving paper web, includes an optical radiation source that outputs optical radiation toward a scattering element of the measurement apparatus. The scattering element scatters the optical radiation, and a transmitting surface of the scattering element directs the optical radiation in a scattered manner toward the moving paper web. A distance between said transmitting surface of the scattering element and a surface of the paper web is known, and the transmitting surface and a detector of the apparatus are on opposite sides of the paper web. The detector receives at least a part of the optical radiation, which is side-scattered from the moving paper web. The detector determines a moisture value and a dry weight of the paper web on the basis of spectral information on the received optical radiation and the known distance.

A characteristic detector includes two electrodes facing each other to form a passage through which a medium passes, a cover disposed between the two electrodes, a current generator to supply a current between the two electrodes, a capacitance gauge to measure a capacitance generated between the two electrodes, and circuitry. The two electrodes have a shape or an arrangement in which at least two points on a leading end of the medium enter the passage with a time lag. The cover covers one of the two electrodes in connection with a size of the medium. The capacitance gauge detects the size of the medium based on the measured capacitance. The circuitry calculates a characteristic of the medium based on the capacitance measured by the capacitance gauge and the size of the medium detected by the capacitance gauge.

The present invention provides a method of diagnosing an oil-immersed electrical apparatus by an assessment of a state of deterioration of the oil-immersed electrical apparatus including an insulating oil. The insulating oil has been subjected to changing from mineral oil to vegetable oil. The method comprises: performing a first analysis before the changing, by analyzing the insulating oil; performing a second analysis after the changing, by analyzing the insulating oil; performing a first assessment by assessing the state of deterioration of the oil-immersed electrical apparatus before the changing, based on the first analysis results; performing a second assessment by assessing the state of deterioration of the oil-immersed electrical apparatus after the changing, based on the second analysis results; and performing a third assessment by assessing the state of deterioration of the oil-immersed electrical apparatus based on assessment results from the first assessment and assessment results from the second assessment.

The present invention provides a method of diagnosing an oil-immersed electrical apparatus by an assessment of a state of deterioration of the oil-immersed electrical apparatus including an insulating oil. The insulating oil has been subjected to changing from mineral oil to vegetable oil. The method comprises: performing a first analysis before the changing, by analyzing the insulating oil; performing a second analysis after the changing, by analyzing the insulating oil; performing a first assessment by assessing the state of deterioration of the oil-immersed electrical apparatus before the changing, based on the first analysis results; performing a second assessment by assessing the state of deterioration of the oil-immersed electrical apparatus after the changing, based on the second analysis results; and performing a third assessment by assessing the state of deterioration of the oil-immersed electrical apparatus based on assessment results from the first assessment and assessment results from the second assessment.