A resin discriminating apparatus includes an X-ray tube which emits X-rays, an X-ray detector which detects X-rays emitted from a sample irradiated with X-rays, a data processing section which creates a spectrum on the basis of a detection signal obtained by the X-ray detector, a peak extraction section which extracts a spectral line due to Compton scattering and a spectral line due to Rayleigh scattering derived from a target element of the X-ray tube on the spectrum, and obtains a peak intensity, and a discrimination section which calculates a scattering intensity ratio which is a ratio of the Rayleigh scattering intensity to the Compton scattering intensity and discriminates the type of resin contained in the sample from the scattering intensity ratio.

Systems and methods inspect a fastener installed at least partially through a hole in a part, by measuring fastener concentricity, measuring fastener flushness with a surface, and/or detecting foreign object debris near the fastener. Systems include an x-ray imaging system, a first camera device, a second camera device, a first support structure, and at least one processing unit. The first camera device produces a first image of the fastener from a first vantage point, and the second camera device produces a second image of the fastener from a second vantage point, such that a 3D image of the fastener can be created from the first image and the second image. The system inspects the fastener based on the x-ray image and/or the 3D image, to determine concentricity and/or flushness of the fastener. Systems may be automated and mounted on robot arms to be positioned relative to the fasteners being inspected.

THIS INVENTION relates to a method of or system for detecting presence of diamond in an object. The method comprises receiving classification data associated with photons emitted from object as a result of positron annihilation due to irradiation of the object with photons of a predetermined energy at which giant dipole resonance (GDR) occurs due to a nuclear reaction between the photons and carbon. The method then comprises the step of determining whether or not the object is potentially a diamond or diamondiferous by processing the received classification data with a trained machine-based learning classifier. The system typically implements the method described herein.

The present invention relates to a system (S) and a process for determining the water equivalent content of a snowpack (Snow Water EquivalentSWE)

The present invention provides deterioration analysis method which allows a detailed analysis of deterioration, especially deterioration of surface conditions, of a polymer material. The present invention relates to a deterioration analysis method, including irradiating a polymer material with high intensity X-rays, and measuring X-ray absorption while varying the energy of the X-rays, to analyze deterioration of the polymer.

A method for analysing lattice distortion in a specimen is provided. The method comprises, for each of a plurality of target locations in a specimen: obtaining crystal lattice orientation information for the specimen at each of a plurality of perimeter locations along a path corresponding to a perimeter of a region of the specimen that contains the target location; and generating, in accordance with the obtained crystal lattice orientation information, distortion information for the target location within the region, the distortion information being representative of crystal lattice distortion attributable to crystal lattice dislocations within the region. Each region containing one of the plurality of target locations partially overlaps another region, containing a different one of the said target locations. The method further comprises outputting a set of output data comprising the generated distortion information for the plurality of target locations.

The invention relates to the field of analytical chemistry and physical methods of analysis, and can be used to determine the hafnium content in metallic zirconium and alloys based thereon. The problem addressed by the proposed invention is to separate the overlapping lines of zirconium in the second order of reflection and hafnium. The proposed method includes plotting a calibration curve for the dependence of the fluorescence intensity of lines of hafnium on its concentration in samples with established hafnium content, preparing samples to a template, the dimensions of which correspond to the sample receptacle of a spectrometer, collimating the emission with a fine collimator with an angular divergence of 14-17 degrees, and separating the spectral range of the hafnium line using an LiF220 crystal analyzer so as to establish thresholds of an amplitude discriminator in a narrow range sufficient for cutting off impulses with high voltage generated by more high-energy zirconium quanta.

Detection can be performed even for a thick inspection target object through time delay integration without degradation of spatial resolution. There is provided an X-ray inspection device configured to include: an X-ray source that generates X-rays; a transport unit that performs transporting a sample; a detecting unit that has a time delay integration type detector which detects X-rays generated by the X-ray source and transmitted through the sample transported by the transport unit; and a defect determining unit that processes a signal obtained by detecting the X-rays transmitted through the sample by the time delay integration type detector of the detecting unit and determines a defect in the sample. The transport unit performs transporting the sample while causing the sample to rotate in synchronization with the transporting when the sample passes in front of the time delay integration type detector of the detecting unit.

The present invention provides deterioration analysis method which allows a detailed analysis of deterioration, especially deterioration of surface conditions, of a polymer material. The present invention relates to a deterioration analysis method, including irradiating a polymer material with high intensity X-rays, and measuring X-ray absorption while varying the energy of the X-rays, to analyze deterioration of the polymer.

The invention relates to a method for non-destructively testing a part by means of transmission radiography, which method comprises the following steps of acquiring N projections (P.sup.(n)) of the part, generating calculated N images (P.sup.(n)) of the part, estimating, by successive iterations, the vector p from an initial vector p=p.sub.ini and the vector c from an initial vector c=c.sub.ini and/or the parameter vector a from an initial vector =.sub.ini, by minimising the sum of the squared differences between the projections (P.sup.(n)) and the images (P.sup.(n)), processing the projections (P.sup.(n)) and/or the images (P.sup.(n)), identifying defects in the part by comparing the processed projections (P.sup.(n)) and the processed images (P.sup.(n)).