The present disclosure generally relates to nanoparticles adsorbed with gliadin molecules. In addition, the present disclosure relates to methods of preparing the nanoparticles adsorbed with gliadin molecules and methods of using said nanoparticles including detecting anti-gliadin 5 antibodies in a sample, diagnosing gluten-related disorders, and other applications.

Provided herein are antigenic molecules that can be used to generate antibodies capable of binding to a vitamin D derivative, such as 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and/or 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, or a 25-hydroxyvitamin D analog, such as a vitamin D-C22 immunogenic molecule or compound. Antibodies produced using these antigenic molecules, and related antigenic compounds, are also described. In addition, disclosed herein are methods for detecting vitamin D deficiency in a subject, methods for treating a subject suspected of having a vitamin D deficiency, methods for monitoring progression of vitamin D deficiency in a subject, and methods for monitoring treatment of vitamin D deficiency in a subject in need thereof. The methods involve the detection or quantification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and D3. Also provided are methods and reagents for the detection or quantification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and D3, methods for stabilizing vitamin D analogs, and methods for separating 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and D3 from vitamin D binding protein in a biological sample.

The invention relates to devices and methods for detecting the presence of antibodies to folic acid in a sample.

The present disclosure describes to a method of treating a metabolic disease in a subject, wherein the method comprises administration of dermatopontin to a subject, wherein the dermatopontin is recombinant dermatopontin and the metabolic disease is selected from a group consisting of weight gain, diet-induced weight gain, obesity, morbid obesity, metabolic syndrome, glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, type I diabetes, type if diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Disclosed herein is also a method of determining or making a prognosis of a subject's susceptibility to metabolic diseases and obesity, the method comprising measuring the level of circulating dermatopontin in a sample obtained from a subject; and comparing the level of circulating dermatopontin obtained with the level of dermatopontin previously determined in a control; and determining the susceptibility of the subject to metabolic disease and obesity based on the difference between the level of circulating dermatopontin and the level of dermatopontin in the control.

A method for measuring energy malnutrition in a liver disease test subject, a method for determining whether a liver disease test subject is in an energy malnutrition state, a method for determining the necessity of nutrition therapy for a liver disease test subject having energy malnutrition, a composition usable in these methods, and the like are provided. The method for measuring energy malnutrition in a liver disease test subject includes the steps of collecting expired air containing labeled carbon dioxide that is generated in the body of a liver disease test subject by being converted from a composition containing, as an active ingredient, glucose labeled with at least one isotope C; and determining the ratio of labeled CO.sub.2 amount to unlabeled CO.sub.2 amount, or the ratio of labeled CO.sub.2 amount to total CO.sub.2 amount in expired air.

Contemplated test kits and methods for food sensitivity are based on rational-based selection of food preparations with established discriminatory p-value. Particularly preferred kits include those with a minimum number of food preparations that have an average discriminatory p-value of ?0.07 as determined by their raw p-value or an average discriminatory p-value of ?0.10 as determined by FDR multiplicity adjusted p-value. In further contemplated aspects, compositions and methods for food sensitivity are also stratified by gender to further enhance predictive value.

Contemplated test kits and methods for food sensitivity are based on rational-based selection of food preparations with established discriminatory p-value. Particularly preferred kits include those with a minimum number of food preparations that have an average discriminatory p-value of ?0.07 as determined by their raw p-value or an average discriminatory p-value of ?0.10 as determined by FDR multiplicity adjusted p-value. In further contemplated aspects, compositions and methods for food sensitivity are also stratified by gender to further enhance predictive value.

Provided are methods, compositions and kits to detect anti-folic acid antibodies in a sample, which are useful for identifying risk of pathologies associated with increased or decreased levels of anti-folic acid antibodies including infertility, folate responsive birth defects, folate responsive blood disorders, heart and vascular diseases, neurological disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and cancers.

Systems, techniques and methods for estimating the metabolic state or flux, e.g., the body energy state (BES) of a patient, are disclosed. The BES provides a deep insight into the nutritional needs of the patient, thus allowing for a sort of exquisite glycemic control with regard to the patient. The invention discloses systems and methods for estimating fractional gluconeogenesis. The invention also discloses systems and methods for estimating and targeting patient blood lactate concentration, both as a target itself and as an intermediate step to estimating and targeting patient fractional gluconeogenesis glucose production. Nutritional support methods and formulations are also disclosed. The invention is suitable for any sort of patient, including those who are injured, such as with traumatic brain injury, ill, or have other conditions that stress the metabolic system.

Contemplated test kits and methods for food sensitivity are based on rational-based selection of food preparations with established discriminatory p-value. Particularly preferred kits include those with a minimum number of food preparations that have an average discriminatory p-value of 0.07 as determined by their raw p-value or an average discriminatory p-value of 0.10 as determined by FDR multiplicity adjusted p-value. In further contemplated aspects, compositions and methods for food sensitivity are also stratified by gender to further enhance predictive value.