The present invention relates to an inhibitor against the stem cells of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of CML having preventive effect on CML recurrence, a method of preventing CML recurrence, and a method of assessing the efficacy of treatment with a drug in a patient with CML, including a step of determining the expression level of latexin.

Provided herein is a method of detecting or predicting a relapse of multiple sclerosis in an individual afflicted with a form of multiple sclerosis, comprising: (a) providing a blood sample of the individual; (b) testing the blood sample to determine a protein activity or protein level, wherein the protein is Factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, or Protein C; and (c) detecting or predicting a relapse of multiple sclerosis in the individual if the protein activity or protein level is elevated compared to the protein activity or protein level in an individual not afflicted with the form of multiple sclerosis and patients' own baseline values. Also provided herein is a method of treating an individual afflicted with multiple sclerosis, who is experiencing a relapse or predicted to experience a relapse, comprising treating the individual by administering a dose of a steroid or anti-coagulation compound effective to alleviate the symptom of multiple sclerosis.

The invention provides a method of treating a tumor in a human patient comprising (i) identifying a patient as having a LAG-3 positive tumor and (ii) administering to the patient a PD-1 pathway inhibitor, a combination of a PD1 pathway inhibitor and an immune checkpoint inhibitor, a combination of a LAG-3 inhibitor and a PD-1 pathway inhibitor, or an anti-CTLA4 antibody. In some embodiments, the method further comprises identifying the patient as having a LAG-3 positive PD-L1 positive tumor. In some embodiments, the LAG-3 inhibitor is an anti-LAG-3 antibody and the PD-1 pathway inhibitor is an anti-PD-1 antibody. The methods of the invention can improve response rates to treatment with a PD-1 pathway inhibitor, a combination of a PD1 pathway inhibitor and an immune checkpoint inhibitor, or a combination of a LAG-3 inhibitor and a PD-1 pathway inhibitor.

The invention pertains to improved treatment methods using DMDS, in particular cladribine, for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, in particular multiple sclerosis, and biomarkers, in particular immune cell subtypes, for predicting and/or optimising said treatment methods. The methods described rely on the use of immune cell subtypes, in particular T cells, B cells, NK cells subtypes and their ratios as present in blood samples from the patients for predicting and/or optimising the use of cladribine in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

The present invention is directed to methods for confirming that a multiple sclerosis (MS) patient is suffering from a relapse. In particular, methods comprising: comparing a concentration of one or more metabolite(s) present in a sample obtained from the patient with the concentration of the same one or more metabolite(s) in a reference standard, wherein the one or more metabolite(s) are selected from: leucine, lysine, asparagine, phenylalanine, glucose, -hydroxybutyrate, myo-inositol, a lipoprotein having a CH.sub.3 group of an HDL and/or LDL, a lipoprotein having a CH.sub.3 group of a VLDL, a lipoprotein having a (CH.sub.2).sub.n group of an HDL and/or LDL, a lipoprotein having a CH2 group, and an N-acetylated glycoprotein; and confirming or not that the patient is suffering from a relapse.

The present invention provides a tumor blood marker and a use thereof. Specifically, the present invention provides a use of a reagent, which is used to detect GAPDH in a blood sample, in a preparation of a detecting composition for tumor screening, risk evaluation of tumor development in subjects, distinction of tumor progression stages, identification of therapeutic efficacy of tumor and/or risk analysis of tumor progression. The present invention also provides a kit and a method for detecting GAPDH concentrations in blood samples.

Cell free DNA (cfDNA) fragmentation for lung cancer detection is combined with current imaging-based screening methods and biomarkers.

Provided herein are methods for assessing risk of infection or cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a subject with an inflammatory disease, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis. The methods include performing immunoassays to generate scores based on quantitative data for expression of biomarkers relating to inflammatory biomarkers with or without additional clinical variables to assess infection and CVD risk. Also provided are uses of inflammatory biomarkers for guiding treatment decisions.

The present invention relates to a method for acquiring auxiliary information for diagnosis and treatment (medical care) of prostate cancer. A method for acquiring medical care auxiliary information for estimating a risk of prostate cancer recurrence with a specimen of prostate tissue, wherein an at least three-stage evaluation score is used to express a quantity of biological material in a tumor site of the specimen, the biological material having a -N-acetylgalactosamine residue at a nonreducing terminal of a sugar chain.

The present disclosure relates to a method for predicting the risk of recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation in a subject based on determining the amount of the biomarker Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and optionally of at least one further biomarker in a sample from the subject. The present disclosure also contemplates a method of diagnosing Atrial Fibrillation in a subject suspected to suffer from Atrial Fibrillation based on determining the amount of the biomarker Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and optionally of at least one further biomarker in a sample from the subject. Further envisaged are devices adapted to carry out the method of the present disclosure.