There is provided a flexure body configured to be used in detection of load applied in first direction and a load applied in second direction orthogonal to the first direction. The flexure body including: a flexure member; and a circuit pattern. The flexure member has a flexure area configured to be strained under load from detection object and an area different from the flexure area. The circuit pattern includes two pieces of first-direction strain sensitive elements, two pieces of second-direction strain sensitive elements, and at least one of a first-direction fixed resistance element and a second-direction fixed resistance element. Two pieces of first-direction strain sensitive elements and two pieces of second-direction strain sensitive elements are provided in the flexure area, and the at least one of the first-direction fixed resistance element and the second-direction fixed resistance element is provided in the area different from the flexure area.

A measuring shunt includes a resistance element and a magnetic core. The resistance element includes two main contacts and a middle section extending between the main contacts for conducting an electrical current between the two main contacts through the middle section. The magnetic core extends in an annular manner around the middle section of the resistance element.

A measuring shunt includes a resistance element and a magnetic core. The resistance element includes two main contacts and a middle section extending between the main contacts for conducting an electrical current between the two main contacts through the middle section. The magnetic core extends in an annular manner around the middle section of the resistance element.

Apparatus, systems, and methods for progressive corrosion detection are disclosed. An example apparatus includes a query generator to query a multiplexer channel to receive an output voltage, the multiplexer channel linked to a fin group of an electrode array, the fin group forming an open circuit in the absence of conductive crystal formation, a quantifier to determine, using a reference voltage, a difference between the reference voltage and the output voltage from the queried multiplexer channel, and a contamination level comparator to identify presence of conductive crystal formation based on the difference between the reference voltage and the output voltage.

Apparatus, systems, and methods for progressive corrosion detection are disclosed. An example apparatus includes a query generator to query a multiplexer channel to receive an output voltage, the multiplexer channel linked to a fin group of an electrode array, the fin group forming an open circuit in the absence of conductive crystal formation, a quantifier to determine, using a reference voltage, a difference between the reference voltage and the output voltage from the queried multiplexer channel, and a contamination level comparator to identify presence of conductive crystal formation based on the difference between the reference voltage and the output voltage.

An electronic impedance measurement device: a branch, called measurement branch, including an impedance to be measured (Z.sub.m), and; at least one branch, called reference branch, including an impedance (Z.sub.r), called reference impedance; electronics, called detection electronics, configured to provide an error signal (V.sub.s) dependent on an algebraic sum of a current (I.sub.r) flowing in the at least one reference branch (104) and of a current (I.sub.m) flowing in the measurement branch; and at least one adjustment structure, changing the current (I.sub.r) in at least one of said reference branches in a manner inversely proportional to a control variable (k).

The present disclosure generally relates to a Wheatstone bridge that includes a plurality of resistors comprising dual free layer (DFL) TMR structures. The DFL TMR structures include one or more hard bias structures on the side of DLF. Additionally, one or more soft bias structures may also be present on a side of the DFL. Two resistors will have identical hard bias material while two other resistors will have hard bias material that is identical to each other, yet different when compared to the first two resistors. The hard bias materials will provide opposite magnetizations that will provide opposite bias fields that result in two different magnetoresistance responses for the DFL TMR.

The present disclosure generally relates to a Wheatstone bridge that has four resistors. Each resistor includes a plurality of tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) structures. Two resistors have identical TMR structures. The remaining two resistors also have identical TMR structures, though the TMR structures are different from the other two resistors. Additionally, the two resistors that have identical TMR structures each have an additional non-TMR resistor as compared to the remaining two resistors that have identical TMR structures. Therefore, the working bias field for the Wheatstone bridge is non-zero.

A device and a method evaluate signals from one or more Wheatstone bridges. The requirements of ISO 26262 are taken into account by mixing a test signal with the measurement signal before amplification and before analog-to-digital conversion. After amplification and analog-to-digital conversion, the measurement signal and the test signal are unmixed again. If the test signal does not meet the expectation, the amplifier and/or the analog-to-digital converter is determined to be faulty.

A high current source (200) for a test system for testing an electric power device (30) comprises a first plurality of first switchable half-bridges (212) and a second plurality of second switchable half-bridges (222), which are connected in parallel and by means of which a test current is redundantly distributed. A control device (280) is designed to control the first and second half-bridges (212, 222) on the basis of an input signal in such a way that an output signal for the test current, which corresponds to the input signal, is applied across a bridge branch (230) between the first switchable half-bridges (212) and the second switchable half-bridges (222).