An electronic device includes a test voltage generation circuit to generate a test voltage as a function of a regulator voltage, and a switching circuit to receive the test voltage and an image pixel output signal, and to pass the test voltage as output when in a test mode. A comparison circuit receives the output from the switching circuit and an analog to digital conversion signal, and asserts a counter reset signal when the output from the switching circuit and the analog to digital conversion signal are equal in voltage. A counter begins counting at a beginning of each test cycle within the test mode, stops counting upon assertion of the counter rest signal, and outputs its count upon stopping counting. The count is proportional to the test voltage when in the test mode.

A low power comparator and a self-regulated device for adjusting power saving level of an electronic device are provided. The low power comparator includes an input differential pair circuit, a self-regulated device, and a tail current switch. The input differential pair circuit is configured to receive input signals to be compared. The self-regulated device is coupled to the input differential pair circuit and includes a self-regulated circuit which has a first transistor with a first threshold voltage and a second transistor with a second threshold voltage and is configured to adjust a power saving level of the low-power comparator according to the first threshold voltage and the second threshold voltage. The tail current switch is coupled to the input differential pair circuit through the self-regulated circuit to provide a constant current to the input differential pair circuit.

An amplification interface includes first and second differential input terminals, first and second differential output terminals providing first and second output voltages defining a differential output signal, and first and second analog integrators coupled between the first and second differential input terminals and the first and second differential output terminals, the first and second analog integrators being resettable by a reset signal. A control circuit generates the reset signal such that the first and second analog integrators are periodically reset during a reset interval and activated during a measurement interval, receives a control signal indicative of offsets in the measurement sensor current and the reference sensor current, and generates a drive signal as a function of the control signal. First and second current generators coupled first and second compensation circuits to the first and second differential input terminals as a function of a drive signal.

Method and system for measuring electrical quantities. The method comprising: the dispatching of a synchronization message on a data bus, by a synchronization module connected to the data bus, the dispatching being carried out with an emission period, the emission period being counted down with the aid of a first clock of the synchronization module; the reception of the synchronization message, by measurement modules connected to the data bus, each measurement module comprising a sensor adapted to measure an electrical quantity, each measurement module also comprising a second clock; the countdown, by each measurement module that has received the synchronization message, of a first waiting duration, the countdown being carried out, for each of the said measurement modules, using the second clock belonging to this measurement module; and for each of the said measurement modules, the measurement of the electrical quantity by means of the corresponding sensor, at the end of the countdown of the first waiting duration.

A system for driving an actuator which is capable of providing constant resolution regardless of a type of an actuator according to an aspect of the present invention includes an actuator driving circuit configured to generate a driving current for an operating actuator and output the generated driving current to the operating actuator, a current sensing unit configured to sense a current of the operating actuator and generate a sensing signal, and a gain adjustment unit configured to calculate a gain on the basis of a first maximum driving current range of the operating actuator and a second maximum driving current range of a reference actuator and change the sensing signal on the basis of the gain. A signal generated based on the second sensing signal is input to the actuator driving circuit.

A circuit for measurement of a voltage comprises a passive sensing element configured to be coupled between a measurement point and a reference point. The passive sensing element has a voltage-dependent impedance. Further, the circuit comprises an impedance detector and a reference circuit. The impedance detector is configured to detect the impedance of the passive sensing element by providing a probe signal to the passive sensing element and evaluating a response to the probe signal from the passive sensing element and a reference response from the reference circuit. Further, the circuit comprises a converter circuit configured to convert a result of evaluating the response and the reference response to a voltage level information.

A measurement system for determining a status of a high-voltage power system in a vehicle, the measurement system comprising: a first voltage measurement unit and a second voltage measurement unit, each of the first and second voltage measurement units being connected between a positive pole and a negative pole of the power system; a measurement system control unit connected to the first and second voltage measurement unit and configured to: control the first and second voltage measurement unit to simultaneously measure a voltage to determine a respective first and second pole-to-pole voltage; compare the first pole-to-pole voltage with the second pole-to-pole voltage, and if a voltage difference is higher than a voltage threshold value, provide an indication that the voltage measurement is not reliable.

A voltage measurement system and method is provided. Aspects include a comparator having a positive and a negative input terminal, a processor configured to supply a reference voltage signal to the negative input terminal, wherein the positive input terminal receives an input voltage, setting the reference voltage signal to a zero voltage signal, determine a line frequency of the input voltage based on a timing signal from the comparator and determining a first pulse width of the input signal based on the timing signal, set the reference voltage to a PWM signal with a fixed duty cycle, receive the timing signal from the output of the comparator, determine a rising edge and a falling edge associated with the input voltage based on the timing signal, and determine a peak value of the input voltage based on a second pulse width between the rising and falling edge.

There is provided a two-wire transmitter that is connected to an external circuit via two transmission lines and that operates by using an input voltage and a current signal supplied from the external circuit, the two-wire transmitter including: a constant current circuit that controls the current signal in accordance with a detection result from a sensor; and a shunt regulator circuit that controls a circuit voltage in accordance with the input voltage, in which the shunt regulator circuit controls the circuit voltage such that the circuit voltage increases as the input voltage increases.

Exemplary methods and systems for building an electrical grid topology and detecting faults in an electrical grid are disclosed herein. In an exemplary embodiment, a method for building an electrical grid topology of an electrical grid comprising a plurality of grid elements, the method comprises sending, from a first signaling module of a plurality of signaling modules of the electrical grid, a mapping signal; receiving, at a second signaling module of the plurality of signaling modules, the mapping signal; and deriving, from the mapping signal, grid characteristics of the electrical grid; wherein the grid characteristics are derived from the mapping signal based on the influence that one or more of the plurality of grid elements has on the mapping signal.