An adapter for testing electrical equipment can include a first receptacle end having at least one first coupling feature, where the at least one first coupling feature is configured to couple to a power source and a first electrical device, where the first receptacle end is configured to receive from the power source at least one first test signal and send the at least one first test signal to the first electrical device. The adapter can also include a sensing device configured to receive at least one first response signal from the first electrical device, where the at least one first response signal is in response to and based on the first electrical device receiving the at least one first test signal.

In at least one embodiment, an apparatus for performing a high voltage (HV) short circuit diagnosis and an impedance analysis for a vehicle is provided. The apparatus includes a controller configured to measure a first voltage associated with a battery and a first current that varies based on a HV power net during the pre-charge operation and to perform the short circuit diagnosis based on the first voltage and the first current. The controller is further configured to determine a difference between the first voltage and a pre-charge voltage across one of a capacitor and the HV power net and to measure a second current based at least on the difference. The controller is further configured to perform the impedance analysis for the vehicle based on the second current.

A method of adjusting an output voltage sensing error of a low voltage DC-DC converter to adjust a difference between a value obtained by sensing an output voltage of a low voltage DC-DC converter and a reference value controlling the low voltage DC-DC converter, thereby improving control accuracy is provided. The method of correcting an output voltage sensing error of a low voltage DC-DC converter includes applying a test voltage to an output of the LDC by voltage application equipment, sensing a voltage of the output of the LDC by a voltage sensing circuit and adjusting by a controller a voltage reference map included in an LDC controller that outputs a voltage reference value of the LDC, based on an error between the test voltage and a voltage sensing value sensed by the voltage sensing circuit.

A safety mechanism device includes measuring whether a first output signal or results meets dynamically adjustable boundary criterion. The safety mechanism compares the first output signal with at least one boundary signal that is dynamically adjusted. The safety mechanism can produce a dynamically or automatically adjusted boundary signal using a second output signal. The second output signal can mimic the first output signal.

A compensation device for compensating leakage currents has a differential current measurement device, a first signal generation device, an amplifier and a feeder device. The first signal generation device is designed to generate a first compensation current specification signal (I_COMP_S1) suitable for the compensation from the first signal (I_DIFF) from the differential current measurement device by way of analog signal processing and to feed this first compensation current specification signal (I_COMP_S1) to the amplifier in analog or digitized form. The amplifier is designed to generate a compensation current (I_COMP) on the basis of the first compensation current specification signal (I_COMP_S1), and the feeder device is designed to allow the compensation current to be fed in at at least one of the active conductors.

The present disclosure includes a wireless control system, a wireless control method, and a battery pack. The wireless control system includes a master configured to wirelessly transmit a first command packet, and first to N.sup.th slaves to which first to N.sup.th IDs are allocated, respectively. When the first slave receives the first command packet, the first slave wirelessly transmits a first response packet including first battery information and the first ID. When a k+1.sup.th slave receives the first command packet, the k+1.sup.th slave stands by to receive a k.sup.th response packet for a preparation period and wirelessly transmits a k+1.sup.th response packet including k+1.sup.th battery information and a k+1.sup.th ID. When the k.sup.th response packet is received by the k+1.sup.th slave within the preparation period, the k+1.sup.th response packet further includes k.sup.th battery information and a k.sup.th ID.

An electrical test device may include a power supply, a conductive probe element, and a spectral analysis block. The power supply may be connected to an external power source. The conductive probe element may be connected to the power supply and may be configured to be energized by the power supply. The probe element may be configured to be placed in contact with an electrical system under test and apply an input signal containing current for measuring at least one parameter of the electrical system. The spectral analysis block may be connected to the probe element and may be configured to receive an output signal from the electrical system in response to the application of the current to the electrical system. The spectral analysis block may be configured to analyze frequency spectra of the output signal and detect a broadband increase in energy of the frequency spectra above a predetermined energy threshold. The broadband increase in energy may be representative of the occurrence of arcing in the electrical system.

A system for a vehicle includes a battery of the vehicle, a plurality of switches connected to the battery, and a plurality of subsystems of the vehicle connected to the battery via the switches and wires. The system includes a controller configured to control the switches and the subsystems, and to identify a variation in a rate of change of current characteristic in frequency domain for a current loop including one of the switches, one of the subsystems, and a plurality of the wires. The controller is configured to determine integrity of the plurality of the wires and connections of the wires in the current loop based on the variation in the rate of change of current characteristic for the current loop.

A system for monitoring electrical contacts for an overhead trolley line may include a wear sensor arranged such that an electrical contact on a vehicle or work machine for contacting the overhead trolley line is continually or periodically in its line of sight. The wear sensor may be configured to capture spatial data defining the surface profile of the electrical contact. The system may also include a data processing module configured to receive the spatial data and identify a defect in the electrical contact based on the spatial data.

In a railway track installation, a method for determining a classification model for a railroad switch of the railway track installation enables a fault in the switch to be identified using values measured during a switch operation. A reference operation data set is determined for each of a plurality of switch operations. Each reference operation data set relates to at least two physical variables measured during the respective switch operation. The classification model is determined on the basis of the plurality of reference operation data sets.