Apparatus, systems, methods for measuring a side-channel is disclosed. The methods involve obtaining a first measurement of a magnetic field in a first range from the side-channel of the at least one electronic device; generating a version of the side-channel; obtaining a second measurement of the magnetic field in a second range from the version of the side-channel; and generating a composite measurement of the magnetic field from the side-channel of the at least one electronic device based on the first measurement and the second measurement. The first range includes a minimum threshold and at least a portion of the second range is less than the minimum threshold of the first range.

Apparatus, systems, methods for measuring a side-channel is disclosed. The methods involve obtaining a first measurement of a magnetic field in a first range from the side-channel of the at least one electronic device; generating a version of the side-channel; obtaining a second measurement of the magnetic field in a second range from the version of the side-channel; and generating a composite measurement of the magnetic field from the side-channel of the at least one electronic device based on the first measurement and the second measurement. The first range includes a minimum threshold and at least a portion of the second range is less than the minimum threshold of the first range.

A digital compass with two or more multi-axis magnetometers and a processing element to determine a heading and detect any offset error in the heading is described. One electronic device includes first and second magnetometers. The second magnetometer can be disposed at least a specified distance or co-located and offset at least a specified angle from the first magnetometer. A processing device determines a magnetic field at the electronic device using a first output from the first magnetometer, detects an offset error in the magnetic field using a second output from the second magnetometer, and reports the offset error in the magnetic field.

There is provided a method and system for identifying the location of an obstruction in a pipeline comprising: sensing the magnetic field generated by a pipeline at an initial pressure from a first location along the length of the pipeline to obtain a baseline reading; altering the pressure from a first end until a maximum pressure or minimum pressure is attained; sensing the magnetic field at the maximum or minimum pressure from the first location to obtain a stress reading; and identifying the location of the obstruction as a) being between a second end and the first location when there is a deviation between the stress reading and the baseline reading at the first location or as b) being between the first end and the first location when there is an absence of a deviation between the stress reading and the baseline reading at the first location.

A magneto-sensitive wire (magneto-sensitive body) made of a Co-based alloy having a composite structure in which crystal grains are dispersed in an amorphous phase. The Co-based alloy is, for example, a Co—Fe—Si—B-based alloy, and the total amount of Si and B is preferably 20 to 25 at % with respect to the Co-based alloy as a whole. Preferably, the average diameter of the crystal grains is 70 nm or less and the area ratio of the crystal grains is 10% or less to the composite structure as a whole. The magneto-sensitive wire has a circular cross section and the wire diameter is about 1 to 100 μm. Such a magneto-sensitive wire can be obtained, for example, through a heat treatment step of heating an amorphous wire composed of a Co-based alloy at a temperature equal to or higher than a crystallization start temperature and lower than a crystallization end temperature.

A magneto-sensitive wire (magneto-sensitive body) made of a Co-based alloy having a composite structure in which crystal grains are dispersed in an amorphous phase. The Co-based alloy is, for example, a Co—Fe—Si—B-based alloy, and the total amount of Si and B is preferably 20 to 25 at % with respect to the Co-based alloy as a whole. Preferably, the average diameter of the crystal grains is 70 nm or less and the area ratio of the crystal grains is 10% or less to the composite structure as a whole. The magneto-sensitive wire has a circular cross section and the wire diameter is about 1 to 100 μm. Such a magneto-sensitive wire can be obtained, for example, through a heat treatment step of heating an amorphous wire composed of a Co-based alloy at a temperature equal to or higher than a crystallization start temperature and lower than a crystallization end temperature.

An inline inspection tool of this disclosure includes at least one sensor arm (50) having a sensor head (30) located at its distal end (51), the sensor head including an arched-shaped pipe contacting portion (33) between its forward and rearward ends (32, 34), the pipe contacting portion having a radius R and a width W.sub.C; and at least one triaxial sensor element (31) having at least a portion located directly below the arched-shaped pipe contacting portion and having a width W.sub.S, W.sub.C<W.sub.S. During the tool's travel through a pipeline, contact of the sensor head with the pipe wall lies along a single line of travel substantially equal to the width W.sub.C. Because of its shape, the sensor head better traces and maintains contact with the pipe wall to detect dents, wrinkles, weld intrusions, and other defects or anomalies in the pipe wall.

An inline inspection tool of this disclosure includes at least one sensor arm (50) having a sensor head (30) located at its distal end (51), the sensor head including an arched-shaped pipe contacting portion (33) between its forward and rearward ends (32, 34), the pipe contacting portion having a radius R and a width W.sub.C; and at least one triaxial sensor element (31) having at least a portion located directly below the arched-shaped pipe contacting portion and having a width W.sub.S, W.sub.C<W.sub.S. During the tool's travel through a pipeline, contact of the sensor head with the pipe wall lies along a single line of travel substantially equal to the width W.sub.C. Because of its shape, the sensor head better traces and maintains contact with the pipe wall to detect dents, wrinkles, weld intrusions, and other defects or anomalies in the pipe wall.

A method may comprise measuring during a survey operation a gravitational field data using a survey accelerometer and magnetic field data using a survey magnetometer and determining during a drilling operation an azimuth of a wellbore based on the gravitational field data and the magnetic field data obtained during the survey operation. A system may comprise a drilling rig; a pipe string attached to the drilling rig; a bottom hole assembly attached to the pipe string, wherein the bottom hole assembly comprises at least one sensor; a drill bit, wherein the at least one sensor measure a revolutions-per-minute (RPM) of the drill bit; and a computing subsystem.

A method may comprise measuring during a survey operation a gravitational field data using a survey accelerometer and magnetic field data using a survey magnetometer and determining during a drilling operation an azimuth of a wellbore based on the gravitational field data and the magnetic field data obtained during the survey operation. A system may comprise a drilling rig; a pipe string attached to the drilling rig; a bottom hole assembly attached to the pipe string, wherein the bottom hole assembly comprises at least one sensor; a drill bit, wherein the at least one sensor measure a revolutions-per-minute (RPM) of the drill bit; and a computing subsystem.