Radiation detectors are disclosed. The radiation detectors comprise a substrate and at least one radiation sensitive region on the substrate, the at least one radiation sensitive region comprising an array of elongate nanostructures projecting from the substrate. Methods of manufacture of such radiation detectors are also disclosed.

A method for detecting a radioactive source moving on a linear path substantially parallel to an alignment of N detectors. The method includes: forming N×N.sub.t pulse counting values M.sub.i,t (i=1, 2, . . . , N and t=1, 2, . . . , N.sub.t) from N×N.sub.t detection signals delivered by the N detectors in the form of a succession over time of N.sub.t sets of N signals simultaneously detected by the N detectors over a same duration Δt, a pulse counting value representing a number of pulses detected by a detector over a duration Δt; and computing, using a computer: a set of N.sub.t correlation products R.sub.t, a static mean R of the N×N.sub.t counting values, a correlation condition for each correlation product R.sub.t.

A method for detecting a radioactive source moving on a linear path substantially parallel to an alignment of N detectors. The method includes: forming N×N.sub.t pulse counting values M.sub.i,t (i=1, 2, . . . , N and t=1, 2, . . . , N.sub.t) from N×N.sub.t detection signals delivered by the N detectors in the form of a succession over time of N.sub.t sets of N signals simultaneously detected by the N detectors over a same duration Δt, a pulse counting value representing a number of pulses detected by a detector over a duration Δt; and computing, using a computer: a set of N.sub.t correlation products R.sub.t, a static mean R of the N×N.sub.t counting values, a correlation condition for each correlation product R.sub.t.

An optical sensor (100) comprises: a holding sleeve (11); a fixed ferrule (12) fixedly mounted in said holding sleeve (11); a movable ferrule (13) movably mounted in said holding sleeve (11), a predetermined distance existing between a first movable end of said movable ferrule (13) and a first fixed end of said fixed ferrule (12) in said holding sleeve (11); a reflection part (14) arranged at a second movable end of said movable ferrule (13) opposite to said first movable end, for reflecting light entering the movable ferrule (13); and an actuation part (15), said actuation part (15) being constructed to drive said movable ferrule (13) to move so that said first movable end moves towards said first fixed end. An optical sensor assembly and a monitoring device comprising the optical sensor (100), or another sensor (1012) can remotely detect a mechanical movement in a passive mode. A first reflector (14, 1016) is configured to provide a first reflected optical signal. The sensor (100, 1012) is connected to the first reflector and has a first position and a second position, the second position configured to attenuate the first reflected optical signal more than the first position. The sensor is configured to move between the first and second positions in response to a monitored parameter (1018).

To provide a radiation analyzer that can perform analyses by a long-term stable and high energy resolution without correcting a current flowing through a transition edge sensor (hereinafter referred to as TES) or a pulse height value of a signal pulse. The radiation analyzer includes: a TES 1 configured to detect radiation; a current detection mechanism 4 configured to detect a current flowing through the TES 1; a pulse height analyzer 5 configured to measure a pulse height value based on the current detected by the current detection mechanism 4; a baseline monitor mechanism 6 configured to detect a baseline current flowing through the TES 1; a first heater 13 whose output is adjusted to stabilize a temperature of a first thermometer 12 disposed in a cold head that cools the TES 1; and a second heater 14 that is disposed fairly close to the TES 1 and whose output is adjusted to stabilize a baseline current.

Provided are methods of detecting X-rays, a photographing methods using the X-ray detecting method and/or an X-ray detector using the methods. For example, one method of detecting X-rays includes radiating a first X-ray, removing, by a first X-ray detection unit, a first electric charge generated by the radiated first X-ray, and outputting, by a second X-ray detection unit adjacent to the first X-ray detection unit, a voltage corresponding to the first X-ray.

Provided are methods of detecting X-rays, a photographing methods using the X-ray detecting method and/or an X-ray detector using the methods. For example, one method of detecting X-rays includes radiating a first X-ray, removing, by a first X-ray detection unit, a first electric charge generated by the radiated first X-ray, and outputting, by a second X-ray detection unit adjacent to the first X-ray detection unit, a voltage corresponding to the first X-ray.

An probe body comprising:

one or more light sources; one or more light sensors; an x-ray detector configured to detect, using at least one of the one or more light sensors, light from a scintillator for converting extra-orally applied x-rays to light; and a lower energy light detector configured to detect, using at least one of the one or more light sensors, light from an object illuminated by at least one of the one or more light sources.

Three semiconductor detectors are installed at positions where incidence of radiation on a scintillation detector is not blocked, at equal intervals centered on a central axis of the scintillation detector and at equal angles with respect to a plane which is at a right angle to the central axis. An energy compensation factor is determined on the basis of an average pulse height value obtained from a second pulse height spectrum obtained by analog voltage pulses which are output from these semiconductor detectors, and energy characteristics of a high-range dose rate obtained by a direct-current voltage which is output from the scintillation detector are compensated for.

Three semiconductor detectors are installed at positions where incidence of radiation on a scintillation detector is not blocked, at equal intervals centered on a central axis of the scintillation detector and at equal angles with respect to a plane which is at a right angle to the central axis. An energy compensation factor is determined on the basis of an average pulse height value obtained from a second pulse height spectrum obtained by analog voltage pulses which are output from these semiconductor detectors, and energy characteristics of a high-range dose rate obtained by a direct-current voltage which is output from the scintillation detector are compensated for.