Systems, methods, and apparatus related to determining ice hazards on roads based on crowdsourced data from vehicles. In one approach, a server receives weather data and location data from each of several vehicles. The weather data is timestamped when received. The server determines, using the location data, a geographic region in which each vehicle is located. The weather data is stored in a database associated with the respective geographic region for the vehicle that transmitted the weather data. The server periodically scans the database to select weather data received over a selected time period. The selected data is analyzed to determine whether an ice hazard exists for one or more regions. A communication is sent to vehicles in those regions having the determined ice hazard.

There is provided with a precipitation meter which includes: an upper receiver in which an upper heating unit is embedded to provide heat to an upper surface of the upper receiver to prevent snow from being accumulated thereon, wherein the upper receiver is comprised of a first inner side surface forming inner space for collecting water and a first outer side surface which is an opposite surface of the first inner side surface; a lower receiver with a funnel-shaped part, positioned underneath the upper receiver; a siphon, positioned under the center area of the funnel-shaped part; a tipping bucket unit for receiving the waterdrops from the siphon; a precipitation calculation unit for receiving information on the seesawing movement of the tipping bucket unit and calculating an amount of precipitation by referring to the seesawing movement; and a drainage unit for allowing the waterdrops to be drained out.

There is provided with a precipitation meter which includes: an upper receiver in which an upper heating unit is embedded to provide heat to an upper surface of the upper receiver to prevent snow from being accumulated thereon, wherein the upper receiver is comprised of a first inner side surface forming inner space for collecting water and a first outer side surface which is an opposite surface of the first inner side surface; a lower receiver with a funnel-shaped part, positioned underneath the upper receiver; a siphon, positioned under the center area of the funnel-shaped part; a tipping bucket unit for receiving the waterdrops from the siphon; a precipitation calculation unit for receiving information on the seesawing movement of the tipping bucket unit and calculating an amount of precipitation by referring to the seesawing movement; and a drainage unit for allowing the waterdrops to be drained out.

Techniques for a pin-point assessment of resilience and resistance of structures against flooding are disclosed. The model is based on dimensionless analytical functions related to the variation of functionality during a period of interest, including the losses in the disaster and the recovery path. This evolution in time including recovery differentiates the resilience approach from the other approaches addressing the loss estimation and their momentary effects. The recovery process is considered to be dependent on societal preparedness, public policies and can take different forms, which is estimated using recovery functions. Based on the resilience, action plans are created to improve resiliency to disasters.

Techniques for a pin-point assessment of resilience and resistance of structures against flooding are disclosed. The model is based on dimensionless analytical functions related to the variation of functionality during a period of interest, including the losses in the disaster and the recovery path. This evolution in time including recovery differentiates the resilience approach from the other approaches addressing the loss estimation and their momentary effects. The recovery process is considered to be dependent on societal preparedness, public policies and can take different forms, which is estimated using recovery functions. Based on the resilience, action plans are created to improve resiliency to disasters.

According to one embodiment, there is provided an aviation weather control system including: a processing unit configured to receive weather information of an area to be overseen including a vertically integrated liquid water content, and specify a weather phenomenon affecting an airplane based on the received weather information; and a notification unit configured to notify the weather phenomenon specified by the processing unit.

According to one embodiment, there is provided an aviation weather control system including: a processing unit configured to receive weather information of an area to be overseen including a vertically integrated liquid water content, and specify a weather phenomenon affecting an airplane based on the received weather information; and a notification unit configured to notify the weather phenomenon specified by the processing unit.

A precipitation index estimation apparatus includes a data collection unit and an estimation processing unit. The data collection unit is configured to collect rainfall amount data detected by a rainfall amount sensor in one or more vehicles positioned on a predetermined road link within a predetermined period. The estimation processing unit is configured to estimate a precipitation index indicating an intensity of precipitation on the predetermined road link within the predetermined period, based on the collected rainfall amount data.

A precipitation index estimation apparatus includes a data collection unit and an estimation processing unit. The data collection unit is configured to collect rainfall amount data that is detected by a rainfall amount sensor in one or more vehicles positioned in a predetermined area within a predetermined period. The estimation processing unit is configured to estimate a precipitation index indicating an intensity of precipitation in the predetermined area within the predetermined period, based on the collected rainfall amount data.

A precipitation index estimation apparatus includes a data collection unit and an estimation processing unit. The data collection unit is configured to collect rainfall amount data that is detected by a rainfall amount sensor in one or more vehicles positioned in a predetermined area within a predetermined period. The estimation processing unit is configured to estimate a precipitation index indicating an intensity of precipitation in the predetermined area within the predetermined period, based on the collected rainfall amount data.