An optical film can be used in a display panel as a viewing angle diffusion film. The optical film includes a first electrode layer, an isotropic optical material layer, a liquid crystal material layer and a second electrode layer that are stacked. A plurality of groove structures are disposed on the isotropic optical material layer, and each of the groove structures is filled with the liquid crystal material layer.

A transparent optical element includes a primary electrode, a secondary electrode overlapping at least a portion of the primary electrode, an electroactive layer disposed between and abutting the primary electrode and the secondary electrode, and a control system operably coupled to at least one of the primary electrode and the secondary electrode and adapted to provide a drive signal to actuate the electroactive layer within an aperture of the transparent optical element.

A switchable device for changing the opacity of at least a portion of a glazing is described. The switchable device comprises at least two (a first and a second) switchable regions in electrical communication with at least two (a first and a second) electrical connector regions. Each switchable region comprises an electrically actuated variable opacity layer between a first electrode and a second electrode, the first switchable region being arranged relative to the second switchable region such that upon connecting the first and second electrical connector regions to a suitable power supply, the opacity of the first and second switchable region changes such that at least two (a first and a second) portions of the switchable device have a change of opacity, the first portion of the switchable device having a different opacity to the second portion of the switchable device.

According to an aspect, a display device includes: a first substrate; a second substrate facing the first substrate; a display region in which a plurality of pixels are provided; a peripheral region positioned between an edge of the first substrate and the display region; a plurality of scanning lines extending in a first direction; a plurality of signal lines extending in a second direction; a plurality of terminals arranged in the first direction in the peripheral region of the first substrate; a plurality of connection lines that connect the terminals and the signal lines; a plurality of spacers provided between the first substrate and the second substrate in a direction perpendicular to the first substrate; and a plurality of dummy electrodes separated from the connection lines in planar view and provided between the first substrate and the spacers in the direction perpendicular to the first substrate.

An optical resonant modulator based on coupling modulation, comprising a resonant structure with an embedded Mach-Zehnder interferometer that is differentially driven to induced amplitude modulation at the output port. The principle of coupling modulation enables high data/baud rates to be achieved in a photonic integrated circuit, e.g. silicon, footprint that is considerably smaller than that of a conventional traveling-wave Mach-Zehnder modulator, in particular by utilizing space saving features, such as ring resonator phase shifters and bend waveguide arms.

In a terminator, a midpoint electrode is provided between a first signal electrode and a second signal electrode, a first resistor is connected between the first signal electrode and the midpoint electrode, a second resistor is connected between the second signal electrode and the midpoint electrode, a first GND electrode is provided on a side opposite to the side where the first resistor is provided with the first signal electrode interposed therebetween, a second GND electrode is provided on the side opposite to the side where the second resistor is provided with the second signal electrode interposed therebetween, and capacitances in the terminator are formed between the first signal electrode and the midpoint electrode, between the second signal electrode and the midpoint electrode, between the first signal electrode and the first GND electrode, and between the second signal electrode and the second GND electrode.

Disclosed herein are porous electrochromic niobium oxide films comprising a plurality of niobium oxide nanocrystals, wherein the plurality of niobium oxide nanocrystals comprise niobium oxide having a formula of NbO.sub.x where x represents the average Nb:O ratio in the niobium oxide and where x is from 2 to 2.6. Also disclosed herein are methods of making the porous electrochromic niobium oxide films, methods of use of the porous electrochromic niobium oxide films, and devices comprising the porous electrochromic niobium oxide films.

An example system includes a high-side electrode layer having a first number of electrical members alternated with, and electrically coupled to adjacent ones of a second number of electrical members, where either the first number of electrical members or the second number of electrical members are discrete electrodes, and the other one of the first or second number of electrical members are resistors. Accordingly, the high-side electrode layer is formed from alternating discrete electrodes and resistors. The example system further includes a low-side electrode layer, and an electro-optic (EO) layer having an EO active material at least partially positioned between the high-side electrode layer and the low-side electrode layer, thereby forming a number of active cells of the EO layer.

An optical modulator includes a first shifter and a second shifter. The first shifter includes a first waveguide through which first light passes, and a first electrode that causes power according to a drive voltage to act on the first waveguide. The first shifter shifts a phase of the first light passing through the first waveguide in accordance with the drive voltage applied to the first electrode. The second shifter includes a second waveguide through which second light passes, and a second electrode that causes power according to a drive voltage to act on the second waveguide. The second shifter shifts a phase of the second light passing through the second waveguide in accordance with the drive voltage applied to the second electrode. The second shifter is constituted to have a smaller amount of phase shift according to a predetermined amount of drive voltage than the first shifter.

A liquid crystal apparatus includes a first pixel electrode in a display region, and a second pixel electrode and a circuit such as a scan line driving circuit outside the display region. A TFT provided corresponding to the second pixel electrode is separated from the circuit, and the second pixel electrode extends to the region that overlaps the circuit.