An opposing substrate as a substrate for an electro-optical device includes a transparent base member and a light shielding portion disposed on a region between pixels on the base member. The light shielding portion includes a first reflective film and a second reflective film that is disposed to overlap the first reflective film and has a reflection rate lower than that of the first reflective film, and a first protective film that covers the first reflective film is provided between the first reflective film and the second reflective film.

There is provided a holographic projector comprising a hologram engine and a controller. The hologram engine is arranged to provide a hologram comprising a plurality of hologram pixels. Each hologram pixel has a respective hologram pixel value. The controller is arranged to selectively-drive a plurality of light-modulating pixels so as to display the hologram. Displaying the hologram comprises displaying each hologram pixel value on a contiguous group of light-modulating pixels of the plurality of light-modulating pixels such that there is a one-to-many pixel correlation between the hologram and the plurality of light-modulating pixels.

A modulation pattern calculation apparatus includes an iterative Fourier transform unit, a filtering process unit, and a modulation pattern calculation unit. The iterative Fourier transform unit performs a Fourier transform on a waveform function including an intensity spectrum function and a phase spectrum function, performs a replacement of a temporal intensity waveform function based on a desired waveform after the Fourier transform and then performs an inverse Fourier transform, and performs a replacement to constrain the phase spectrum function after the inverse Fourier transform. The filtering process unit performs a filtering process of cutting a part exceeding a cutoff intensity for each wavelength, on the intensity spectrum function in a frequency domain.

A display apparatus includes a reflective layer with reflective material. One or more stacks of additional layers are provided on the reflective layer. Each stack has an optically switchable layer. A plurality of switching elements are located on a side of the reflective layer opposite to the one or more stacks or form part of the reflective layer. Each switching element is operable to apply heating to a switchable portion of the optically switchable layer and thereby change an appearance of the switchable portion when viewed from a viewing side of the display apparatus. The apparatus applies the heating by driving an electrical current through the switching element to generate Joule heating in the switching element. The electrical current flows in an electrical circuit including a portion of the reflective layer.

An object of the present disclosure is to provide a phase modulator, a lighting system, and a projector that allow for improving diffraction efficiency in a light phase modulation element. The phase modulator according to the present disclosure includes a light phase modulation element that has a plurality of pixels arranged with the pixel pitches p being different from each other to have a pixel structure suppressing occurrence of high-order diffraction light and that modulates a phase of light with respect to each of the pixels. Moreover, the phase modulator according to the present disclosure includes a capturing optical system that captures a plurality of fluxes of high-order diffraction light generated in each of the pixels.

An electro-optic modulator includes a doped semiconductor crystal having a crystallographic surface having an amplitude modulation orientation, a first metal electrode located on a first surface of the doped semiconductor crystal, a second metal electrode located on a second surface of the doped semiconductor crystal, and accumulation space charge regions located within surface regions of the doped semiconductor crystal that are proximal to the first metal electrode and the second metal electrode and including excess charge carriers of a same type as majority charge carriers of the doped semiconductor crystal.

A privacy display comprises a polarised output spatial light modulator, reflective polariser, plural polar control retarders and a polariser. In a privacy mode of operation, on-axis light from the spatial light modulator is directed without loss, whereas off-axis light has reduced luminance. Further, display reflectivity is reduced for on-axis reflections of ambient light, while reflectivity is increased for off-axis light. The visibility of the display to off-axis snoopers is reduced by means of luminance reduction and increased frontal reflectivity to ambient light. In a public mode of operation, the liquid crystal retardance is adjusted so that off-axis luminance and reflectivity are unmodified.

Aspects of the present disclosure relate to systems and methods for active depth sensing. An example device includes a light projector. The light projector includes a light source to emit light and a diffractive element. The diffractive element is configured to receive the emitted light that is polarized, project a first distribution of light when the received light has a first polarity, and project a second distribution of light when the received light has a second polarity.

Performance improvement of an all-optical analog-to-digital converter (AOADC) addresses both RF and optical modeling of a leaky waveguide based optical spatial light modulator (SLM) using electro-optic (E-O) material. The E-O polymer provides improved sensitivity for SLM and achieves a broader bandwidth due to better velocity matching between RF and optical waves.

A privacy display comprises a polarised output spatial light modulator, reflective polariser, plural polar control retarders and a polariser. In a privacy mode of operation, on-axis light from the spatial light modulator is directed without loss, whereas off-axis light has reduced luminance. Further, display reflectivity is reduced for on-axis reflections of ambient light, while reflectivity is increased for off-axis light. The visibility of the display to off-axis snoopers is reduced by means of luminance reduction and increased frontal reflectivity to ambient light. In a public mode of operation, the liquid crystal retardance is adjusted so that off-axis luminance and reflectivity are unmodified.