A display apparatus includes a light source, an optical phase modulator, a drive circuit, and a controller. The optical phase modulator includes a plurality of pixels, and modulates a phase of light from the light source for each of the pixels by displaying a phase distribution pattern indicated by phase distribution data. The drive circuit performs voltage application to the optical phase modulator based on the phase distribution data. The controller divides a pixel region in the optical phase modulator into a plurality of division regions. The controller causes the drive circuit to perform voltage application based on adjustment data to perform display in at least one division region of the plurality of division regions. The adjustment data is for determining an amount of voltage application performed by the drive circuit. The amount of voltage application corresponds to the phase distribution data. The display is based on the adjustment data.

An information processing device (100) includes an adjustment unit (123) that shifts a phase distribution range of light passing through a phase modulation element with respect to a phase-modulatable range of the phase modulation element in such a way that a difference between a median value of the phase-modulatable range and an average value of the phase distribution range becomes small.

This optical modulation element includes a first optical waveguide, a second optical waveguide, a first electrode for applying an electric field to the first optical waveguide, and a second electrode for applying an electric field to the second optical waveguide. The first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide each include a ridge-shaped portion protruding from a first surface of a lithium niobate film. A first interaction length L.sub.1 that is a length of a part of the first electrode overlapping the first optical waveguide in a longitudinal direction is 0.9 mm or more and 20 mm or less. A second interaction length L.sub.2 that is a length of a part of the second electrode overlapping the second optical waveguide in the longitudinal direction is 0.9 mm or more and 20 mm or less.

A spatial light modulator and an electronic apparatus including the spatial light modulator are provided. The spatial light modulator may include: a plurality of pixels configured to steer incident light; and a plurality of thermoelectric layers in which heat transfer with the plurality of pixels occurs. The plurality of pixels may include a plurality of grating structures.

A phase and phase/amplitude spatial light modulator arrangement for generating a complex-valued light field with a spatial light modulator, a phase element and an optical system. The phase and amplitude spatial light modulator arrangement is configured to generate a light field that is adjustable in amount and phase. A method realizes operation of a combined spatial light modulator for generating a complex-valued light field. Here, the method includes adapting an optical characteristic in several areas of a phase element. A further method realizes operation of an optical arrangement for modulating different light wavelengths by adjusting several wave influences in several areas of a phase modulator. A last method realizes operation of an optical arrangement by adjusting an amplitude spatial light modulator for modulating light intensities in at least two optical paths.

A compressed sensing imaging method and a compressed sensing imaging system are provided. In the method, multiple grayscale masks having multiple elements with grayscale values represented by floating-point values or continuous values are generated as sensing matrices based on a compressed sensing theory. A spatial light modulator is controlled to modulate an electromagnetic wave projected on an object under test according to the grayscale value of each element in each grayscale mask, and a physical property of the electromagnetic wave passing through the object under test is detected to obtain multiple measured values. An image reconstruction algorithm is executed to reconstruct an image of the object under test by using the grayscale masks and the measured values obtained from the electromagnetic wave modulated by each grayscale mask.

A liquid crystal phase shifter is disclosed. The liquid crystal phase shifter includes a liquid crystal cell, a partition plate, a first microstrip line, a second microstrip line and liquid crystal molecules. The liquid crystal cell includes a first substrate and a second substrate disposed opposite to each other; the partition plate is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; the first microstrip line is disposed on a surface of the partition plate away from the second substrate; the second microstrip line is disposed on a surface of the partition plate away from the first substrate; and the liquid crystal molecules are provided between the first substrate and the partition plate, and between the second substrate and the partition plate.

An image forming system includes a spatial light modulator (SLM) including a plurality of pixels. Each pixel is configured to diffract incident light and cause the diffracted light to exit the SLM, where a first diffraction order of light exiting the SLM passes through a first exit pupil and higher diffraction orders of light exiting the SLM pass through additional exit pupils having different positions from the first exit pupil. Control logic operatively coupled to the plurality of pixels is configured to control each pixel to control its modulation of the light incident on the pixel and cause the plurality of pixels to collectively form an image at each exit pupil. A light source is configured to emit incident light toward the SLM. A resampling layer is configured to subsample each pixel electrode with two or more samples per pixel to increase a spacing between each exit pupil.

A system includes a spatial light modulator and a controller. The spatial light modulator is configured to perform phase modulation of a light that passes through a liquid crystal by applying individual voltages to the liquid crystal from each of a plurality of electrodes. The controller is configured to control the voltages applied to the liquid crystal from each of the plurality of electrodes based on phase image data. The phase image data represents values of each pixel corresponding to each of the plurality of electrodes by predetermined gradations. The controller converts gradation values, which are the values of each pixel, into voltages input to the electrodes corresponding to each pixel. The controller is configured to change a fluctuation width from a minimum value to a maximum value of the input voltages corresponding to a fluctuation width from a minimum value to a maximum value of the gradation values.

An optical device may include at least two waveguides with different propagation constants. Each waveguide is associated with a grating antenna with a grating period selected to emit light at the same emission angle despite the different propagation constants. Each waveguide may be part of an optical path that includes phase shifters. Additionally, the waveguides may be formed in a waveguide layer that is separate from a perturbation layer in which the grating antennas as formed.