A hydrogen heating device includes: a sealed container configured to allow a hydrogen-based gas to be led in; a heat generating element provided inside the sealed container and configured to generate heat by occluding and discharging hydrogen; and a temperature adjustment unit configured to adjust a temperature of the heat generating element. The heat generating element includes a plurality of stacked bodies each including a support made of at least one of a porous body, a hydrogen permeable film, and a proton conductor, and a multilayer film supported by the support. The multilayer film has a first layer made of a hydrogen storage metal or a hydrogen storage alloy and having a thickness of less than 1000 nm, and a second layer made of a hydrogen storage metal or a hydrogen storage alloy different from the first layer, or ceramics and having a thickness of less than 1000 nm.

An emissions-filtering reaction-isolation apparatus for stimulating hydride reactions that are confined in the apparatus and allowing any MeV ions with energy greater than approximately 2 MeV emitted to escape from the apparatus. The apparatus can include a reaction region enclosed by an envelope. The apparatus also can include one or more conductors comprising crystal films or particles of Pd, Ti, W, or Ni. The apparatus additionally can include at least two supports for each conductor. The apparatus further can include a hydrogen storage material located adjacent to the conductors. When the apparatus is stimulated by heating by one or more lasers or MeV energy particle beams, hydrogen is released from the hydrogen storage material, the heating causes the hydride reactions with the conductors, the hydride reactions increase a temperature of the apparatus providing a hydride reaction signature, and if any reactions cause emission of the ions, the ions escape from the apparatus to allow detection of the ions. Other embodiments are described.

An aspect of the subject technology/invention of the present disclosure includes electrode structures or elements/components that have (e.g., present) fractal and/or self-complementary shapes or structures, e.g., on a surface. Such shapes or structures can be pre-existing. The electrodes can be made of any suitable material. The electrodes may function or operate or be used as a seed structure to incorporate or receive a material or materials useful for lattice assisted nuclear reactions and/or cold fusion processes.

A system and method are provided for generating electric power from relatively low temperature energy sources at efficiency levels not previously available. The present system and method employ recent advances in low energy nuclear reaction technology and thermionic/thermotunneling device technology first to generate heat and then to convert a substantial portion of the heat generated to usable electrical power. Heat may be generated by a LENR system employing nuclear reactions that occur in readily available materials at ambient temperatures without a high energy input requirement and do not produce radioactive byproducts. The heat generated by the LENR system may be transferred through one or more thermionic converter devices in heat transfer relationship with the LENR system to generate electric power.

A fusion reactor includes a columnating panel disposed between the positive electrode and negative electrode for channeling deuterium ions along predetermined paths that are likely to lead to fusion-producing collisions with previous deuterium ions. Deuterium ions are introduced to the reactor adjacent to the positive electrode, and then pass from the columnating panel, through a reduced pressure chamber, and then proceed towards the negative electrode. Once the deuterium ions strike the negative electrode, they remain attached to the negative electrode so that subsequent deuterium ions following the same channels through the columnating panel are more likely to collide with them.

An electrolytic method of loading hydrogen into a cathode includes placing the cathode and an anode in an electrochemical reaction vessel filled with a solvent, mixing a DC component and an AC component to produce an electrolytic current, and applying an electrolytic current to the cathode. The DC component includes cycling between: a first voltage applied to the cathode for a first period of time, a second voltage applied to the cathode for a second period of time, wherein the second voltage is higher than the first voltage, and wherein the second period of time is shorter than the first period of time. The peak sum of the voltages supplied by the DC component and AC component is higher than the dissociation voltage of the solvent. The AC component is selected based on a local minimum of a Nyquist plot to minimize energy loss while maintaining hydrogen transport.

An aspect of the subject technology/invention of the present disclosure includes electrode structures or elements/components that have (e.g., present) fractal and/or self-complementary shapes or structures, e.g., on a surface. Such shapes or structures can be pre-existing. The electrodes can be made of any suitable material. The electrodes may function or operate or be used as a seed structure to incorporate or receive a material or materials useful for lattice assisted nuclear reactions and/or cold fusion processes.

An exothermic fusion reactor is described that uses metal-oxygen transmutation. The process comprises a negatively-charged environment; a moderator comprising at least one noble gas; a metal, including isotopes of hydrogen; and a facilitator comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, fluorine, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, selenium, bromine, iodine, or combinations thereof.

A method for producing energy by exothermal reactions between hydrogen and a transition metal comprises a step 110 of depositing an amount of crystals of the transition metal in the form of micro/nanometric clusters having a predetermined crystalline structure on a surface of a substrate, wherein each clusters has a number of atoms of the transition metal lower than a predetermined number of atoms, and in such a way that the substrate contains on its surface a number of clusters that is larger than a minimum number. The method provide also performing at least once a start-up sequence is performed at least once a start-up sequence comprising the step 114 of quantitatively removing any gas adsorbed in the substrate and in the transition metal by applying a predetermined vacuum degree, a step 120 of bringing hydrogen into contact with the crystals, a step 130 of heating the crystals up to an adsorption temperature higher than a predetermined critical temperature, thus causing hydrogen adsorption to the crystals forming a reaction core, and a step of impulsively acting on the reaction core in order to trigger the exothermal reactions between the hydrogen and the transition metal in the clusters. Once the reaction started, a step 140 is provided of removing heat from the reaction core in order to obtain a determined power and to maintain the temperature of the reaction core above the critical temperature.

The present invention to control loaded isotopic fuel within a material uses a two-stage method which involves a first stage of electrode loading, and then, a second stage of sudden rapid (catastrophic) flow of hydrogen within the metal. In one configuration means are provided to minimize the degradation of the loaded material. The apparatus includes a novel cathode, novel anode, and heat pipes, to improve reaction rates. The apparatus includes means to extract products. The apparatus includes intraelectrode barriers to obstruct the movement of the isotopic fuel. The apparatus includes thermal and electrical busses, and enables integration of smaller units into larger assemblies.