A system for an electro magnetic oscillator tube with enhanced isotopes is disclosed herein having at least one magnetron layer. Each layer has a first magnet, a conduction block, and a second magnet of opposite polarity. The conduction block is disposed in a plane about an emitter of isotopic particles, where an opposite electrical polarity relative to the emitter forms between the emitter and the conduction block. The conduction block has an RF port, an interaction space in its inner periphery, and a polar array of resonant cavities forming along its outer periphery, and a diamond or similar material coating the conduction block surfaces. The system also has a connection between selected groups of resonant cavities at locations of like electrical polarity, wherein the connections have conductive strapping elements within the conduction block.

A system for an electro magnetic oscillator tube with enhanced isotopes is disclosed herein having at least one magnetron layer. Each layer has a first magnet, a conduction block, and a second magnet of opposite polarity. The conduction block is disposed in a plane about an emitter of isotopic particles, where an opposite electrical polarity relative to the emitter forms between the emitter and the conduction block. The conduction block has an RF port, an interaction space in its inner periphery, and a polar array of resonant cavities forming along its outer periphery, and a diamond or similar material coating the conduction block surfaces. The system also has a connection between selected groups of resonant cavities at locations of like electrical polarity, wherein the connections have conductive strapping elements within the conduction block.

A switchable radiation source device includes a primary source assembly that emits primary radiation, and a target assembly in which, upon irradiation of the target assembly by the primary radiation, secondary radiation or radioactivity is produced. An alignment, proximity or exposure of the primary source assembly to the target assembly is adjustable to control irradiation of the target assembly by the primary radiation and thereby control the production of secondary radiation or radioactivity.

A switchable radiation source device includes a primary source assembly that emits primary radiation, and a target assembly in which, upon irradiation of the target assembly by the primary radiation, secondary radiation or radioactivity is produced. An alignment, proximity or exposure of the primary source assembly to the target assembly is adjustable to control irradiation of the target assembly by the primary radiation and thereby control the production of secondary radiation or radioactivity.

The Gamma Voltaic Cell is designed to capture the energy of gamma rays emitted from spent nuclear fuel rods and directly convert it to electric power, much the same as a photovoltaic cell converts sunlight to electricity. The cell takes advantage of Compton scattering and the different probability of interaction between dense metals and light metals for electrons and energetic photons. The cell uses multiple alternating layers of a dense metal and light metal separated by a mesh of non-conducting material such as fiberglass. The gamma ray interacts with the dense metal to free a recoil electron (to be captured by the light metal) and a somewhat lower energy photon that still usually would pass through the light metal layer. This lower energy photon can again undergo Compton scattering in the dense metal layer, until it is finally absorbed by the photoelectric effect. The excess electrons on the light metal layer can be connected to an external load and another wire to lead them back to the dense metal layer.

The Gamma Voltaic Cell is designed to capture the energy of gamma rays emitted from spent nuclear fuel rods and directly convert it to electric power, much the same as a photovoltaic cell converts sunlight to electricity. The cell takes advantage of Compton scattering and the different probability of interaction between dense metals and light metals for electrons and energetic photons. The cell uses multiple alternating layers of a dense metal and light metal separated by a mesh of non-conducting material such as fiberglass. The gamma ray interacts with the dense metal to free a recoil electron (to be captured by the light metal) and a somewhat lower energy photon that still usually would pass through the light metal layer. This lower energy photon can again undergo Compton scattering in the dense metal layer, until it is finally absorbed by the photoelectric effect. The excess electrons on the light metal layer can be connected to an external load and another wire to lead them back to the dense metal layer.

Provided herein are systems and methods for storing energy. A photon battery assembly may comprise a light source, phosphorescent material, and a photovoltaic cell. The phosphorescent material can absorb optical energy at a first wavelength from the light source and, after a time delay, emit optical energy at a second wavelength after a time delay. The photovoltaic cell may absorb the optical energy at the second wavelength and generate electrical power. In some instances, radioactive material can emit high energy particles, and the phosphorescent material can absorb kinetic energy from the high energy particles.

Particles emitted by radio-isotopic by-products of nuclear fission are used as a power source at the cathode of a magnetron system. Particles include high energy electrons having a large associated EMF. In the system a radial electrical vector E, between the cathode and anode, interacts with an axial magnetic vector B vector to produce an EB force that rotates the particles about the system axis. These emissions are within a set range of velocities. The angular velocity and geometry of a rotating field, known as a space charge wheel (SCW), may be modulated by an external RF inputs to cavities of an anode block and the use of concentric biasing grids between the cathode and anode block. The SCW induces LC values into cavities of the anode, exciting them and producing electrons resonance which may be used to generate power.

Particles emitted by radio-isotopic by-products of nuclear fission are used as a power source at the cathode of a magnetron system. Particles include high energy electrons having a large associated EMF. In the system a radial electrical vector E, between the cathode and anode, interacts with an axial magnetic vector B vector to produce an EB force that rotates the particles about the system axis. These emissions are within a set range of velocities. The angular velocity and geometry of a rotating field, known as a space charge wheel (SCW), may be modulated by an external RF inputs to cavities of an anode block and the use of concentric biasing grids between the cathode and anode block. The SCW induces LC values into cavities of the anode, exciting them and producing electrons resonance which may be used to generate power.

Various embodiments of a nuclear radiation particle power converter and method of forming such power converter are disclosed. In one or more embodiments, the power converter can include first and second electrodes, a three-dimensional current collector disposed between the first and second electrodes and electrically coupled to the first electrode, and a charge carrier separator disposed on at least a portion of a surface of the three-dimensional current collector. The power converter can also include a hole conductor layer disposed on at least a portion of the charge carrier separator and electrically coupled to the second electrode, and nuclear radiation-emitting material disposed such that at least one nuclear radiation particle emitted by the nuclear radiation-emitting material is incident upon the charge carrier separator.