A heterogeneous integration detecting method and a heterogeneous integration detecting apparatus are provided. The heterogeneous integration detecting method includes the following. Under the condition of maintaining the same relative distance between an interference objective lens and a sample, the relative posture of the interference objective lens and the sample is continuously adjusted according to the change of an image of the sample in the field of view of the interference objective lens until a first optical axis of the interference objective lens is determined to be substantially perpendicular to the surface of the sample according to the image. The interference objective lens is replaced with an imaging objective lens and the geometric profile of at least one via of the sample is detected. A second optical axis of the imaging objective lens after replacement overlaps with the first optical axis of the interference objective lens before replacement.

Methods and systems are described herein for determining a solution to a binary optimization problem. In examples, a system described herein comprises a controller and a boson sampler which together implement a hybrid quantum-classical process. Computer-readable media are also described herein.

An interference observation apparatus includes a light source, a splitting beam splitter, a combining beam splitter, a beam splitter, a mirror, a beam splitter, a mirror, a piezo element, a stage, an imaging unit, an image acquisition unit, and a control unit. An interference optical system from the splitting beam splitter to the combining beam splitter forms a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The mirror freely moves in a direction perpendicular to a reflecting surface of the mirror. The total number of times of respective reflections of first split light and second split light in the interference optical system is an even number.

A Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) filter comprising one or more passive compensation structures are described. The passive compensation structures yield MZI filters that are intrinsically tolerant to perturbations in waveguide dimensions and/or other ambient conditions. The use of n+1 waveguide widths can mitigate n different sources of perturbation to the filter. The use of at least three different waveguide widths for each Mach-Zehnder waveguide can alleviate sensitivity of filter performance to random width or temperature variations. A tolerance compensation portion is positioned between a first coupler section and a second coupler section, wherein the tolerance compensation portion includes a first compensation section having a second width, a second compensation section having a third width and a third compensation section having a fourth width, wherein the fourth width is greater than the third width and the third width is greater than the second width.

A system comprising a light source, and a retention device configured to receive and retain a sample for measurement. The system includes a detector. An optical path couples light between the light source, the sample when present, and the detector. An optical objective is configured to couple light from the light source to the sample when present, and couple reflected light to the detector. A controller is configured to automatically control focus and/or beam path of the light directed by the optical objective to the sample when present. The detector is configured to output data representing a film thickness and a surface profile of the sample when present.

An optical fiber sensor for locating an excitation in proximity to an optical fiber assembly comprises: a laser assembly configured to emit N laser beams indexed i with N>1, of respective emission wavelength λi, an optical fiber assembly comprising N successive sections indexed i, an optical system configured to: inject the laser beams, receive N signal beams indexed i respectively of wavelengths λi, generate N reference beams indexed i respectively of wavelengths λi, produce N interference areas indexed i, a holographic detector comprising: a liquid crystal light valve that at least partially covers the interference areas, and is configured to produce N holograms indexed i from, respectively, N interference areas, at least one optical detector configured to detect N output optical signals indexed I, a processing unit adapted to identify the section of the fiber assembly situated in proximity to the excitation to be located.

A programmable photonic integrated circuit implements arbitrary linear optics transformations in the spatial mode basis with high fidelity. Under a realistic fabrication model, we analyze programmed implementations of the CNOT gate, CPHASE gate, iterative phase estimation algorithm, state preparation, and quantum random walks. We find that programmability dramatically improves device tolerance to fabrication imperfections and enables a single device to implement a broad range of both quantum and classical linear optics experiments. Our results suggest that existing fabrication processes are sufficient to build such a device in the silicon photonics platform.

A digital measuring device implemented on a photonic integrated circuit, the digital measuring device including a tunable laser source implemented on the photonic integrated circuit configured to sweep over a frequency range to provide multi-wavelength light, a first waveguide structure implemented on the photonic integrated circuit configured to direct a first portion of light from the laser source at a moving object and receive light reflected from the moving object, a second waveguide structure implemented on the photonic integrated circuit configured to combine a second portion of light from the laser source with the light reflected from the moving object to produce a measurement beam, and a first detector implemented on the photonic integrated circuit configured to detect intensity values of the measurement beam to measure a distance between the digital measuring device and the moving object.

One or more devices, systems, methods, and storage mediums for detecting and guiding optical connection(s) using one or more imaging modalities are provided herein. Examples of applications include imaging, evaluating and diagnosing biological objects, such as, but not limited to, for Gastro-intestinal, cardio and/or ophthalmic applications, and being obtained via one or more optical instruments, such as, but not limited to, optical probes, catheters, capsules and needles (e.g., a biopsy needle). Devices, systems, methods, and storage mediums may include or involve a method, such as, but not limited to, for guiding and/or determining status of engagement and/or disengagement of one or more optical connections. A device, system, method, or storage medium may detect, monitor, and/or guide a probe/catheter to minimize, reduce, and/or avoid engagement and disengagement failures and to have a robust means of determining status of probe/catheter engagement to an apparatus or system.

An optical sensing system is presented for monitoring one or more parameters or conditions of an object. The optical sensing system comprises: an elongated light guide configured for placing in proximity of the object, the light guide defining a cavity for light propagation therethrough along at least one light propagation path, and having a light input port and at least one light output port; and a detector system for receiving light propagating from the at least one light output port, the detector system being configured and operable for monitoring a signal modulated by light interaction with the object and being indicative of the at least one parameter/condition of the object.