A Raman spectrometer arrangement comprising a Raman spectrometer 1 having a laser 1001 for illuminating a sample S and a spectrometer accessory 4 configured to be mounted on the spectrometer, wherein the spectrometer accessory comprises a surface configured to receive the sample S. The Raman spectrometer arrangement is configured to operate in at least a first configuration and a second configuration, wherein the first configuration is such that the laser 1001 illuminates the sample S before reaching a level of the surface and the second configuration is such that the laser 1001 reaches the level of the surface before illuminating the sample S.

A Raman spectrometer arrangement comprising a Raman spectrometer 1 having a laser 1001 for illuminating a sample S and a spectrometer accessory 4 configured to be mounted on the spectrometer, wherein the spectrometer accessory comprises a surface configured to receive the sample S. The Raman spectrometer arrangement is configured to operate in at least a first configuration and a second configuration, wherein the first configuration is such that the laser 1001 illuminates the sample S before reaching a level of the surface and the second configuration is such that the laser 1001 reaches the level of the surface before illuminating the sample S.

The present relates, in general terms, to a device for monitoring oxidative stress in a sample, a method of making the device and a method of monitoring oxidative stress in a sample thereof.

A Ramsey spectrometer is provided with an optical path, an optical path length stabilization circuit configured to stabilize a length of the optical path, a modulator optically connected to the optical path, the modulator being configured to generate resonant laser light of a first frequency f1 that causes a resonance of an atom, a molecule, or an ion as a spectroscopic target in pulses a plurality of times and generates non-resonant laser light of a second frequency f2 that does not cause the resonance, and a spectroscopic unit configured to spectroscope the spectroscopic target. The spectroscopic unit detects a state change of the spectroscopic target corresponding to the first frequency f1, the state change being caused by irradiating the resonant laser light to the spectroscopic target.

The invention provides systems for characterizing a biological sample by analyzing emission of fluorescent light from the biological sample upon excitation and methods for using the same. The system includes a laser source, collection fibers, a demultiplexer and an optical delay device. All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety as though fully set forth. Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of-ordinary skill in the art in which this invention belongs.

A contact-type endoscope surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) probe includes a gradient-index (GRIN) lens, a transparent substrate adhered to the GRIN lens, and a rough metallic layer adhered to an opposite side of the transparent substrate from the GRIN lens. The GRIN lens focuses light from a Raman spectrometer onto the rough metallic layer, and the rough metallic layer is positioned at the distal end of the contact-type endoscope SERS probe.

A contact-type endoscope surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) probe includes a gradient-index (GRIN) lens, a transparent substrate adhered to the GRIN lens, and a rough metallic layer adhered to an opposite side of the transparent substrate from the GRIN lens. The GRIN lens focuses light from a Raman spectrometer onto the rough metallic layer, and the rough metallic layer is positioned at the distal end of the contact-type endoscope SERS probe.

A system and method for determining the pH of tissue in vivo. A Raman spectrometer is used to collect Raman spectra from the target tissue. The Raman spectra are baseline subtracted and assessed to determine the concentration of HPO.sub.4.sup.−2 and H.sub.2PO.sub.4.sup.−1 for the purposes of calculating the pH. The approach was validate in vitro using PBS solutions of known pH. The approach was confirmed in vivo using rat and swine models by probing the immediate vicinity of a contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) in the first minutes and hours after injury. Using a dynamic analysis and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the average of (N=12) noninvasive Raman-based pH measurements of CSF was 7.073±0.156 and at >95% confidence there is no statistically significant difference between the Raman-based and the physically sampled results.

The use of Raman spectroscopy for the monitoring and assessment of viral titre is disclosed. A method of quantifying viral titre in a sample using Raman spectroscopy, comprises the steps of: (a) providing a sample and irradiating the sample with a light source; (b) measuring the total intensity of Raman scattered light within each one of a plurality of wavenumber ranges to obtain a wavenumber intensity data set for the sample, wherein the plurality of wavenumber ranges are pre-selected and are characteristic of the vims in the sample; (c) performing mathematical data processing steps on the wavenumber intensity data; and (d) quantifying the viral titre based upon the output of the mathematical data processing steps.

The present invention provides a time-resolved single-photon counting apparatus, including an excitation light source for generating pulsed excitation light, a specimen optics for collecting an optical signal caused by irradiating the pulsed excitation light to a specimen, a photoelectric converter for photoelectrically converting the optical signal to generate an analog single-photon signal, an analog-to-digital (AD) signal converter for sampling the analog single-photon signal to convert the same into a digital single-photon signal, a digital photon-discrimination and timing detector for generating a photon-discrimination signal by discriminating the single-photon property of the digital single-photon signal to count a pulse time point of the digital single-photon signal to generate a delay time signal having delay time information, and a time-signal processor for counting valid single-photon detection events according to the delay time with reference to the photon-discrimination signal.