The invention relates to a thermal element comprising a shaft and a test prod arranged on one end of the shaft. The thermal element comprises a first conductor and a second conductor, which are manufactured from different conductor materials and which are in electrical contact on one contact point provided in the region of the test prod. The first conductor and the second conductor are embedded at least in sections in a material of the shaft. The contact point is additionally or alternatively to the shaft material shielded with respect to the outside space at least in sections by means of a shield formed by a shielding material, wherein the shielding material has a lower diffusion coefficient and/or a higher thermal conductivity than the shaft material.

A carbon atmosphere thermometer 10a has: a thermocouple having thermocouple wires 16, 18, a thermocouple temperature measuring junction 14, and an insulating tube 12; a first protection tube 20 surrounding the thermocouple, while at least partially spaced apart from the thermocouple wires 16, 18 and others of the thermocouple; and a second protection tube 22 surrounding the first protection tube 20, while at least partially spaced apart from the first protection tube 20. For this reason, it becomes feasible to protect the thermocouple from the external environment, while preventing the thermocouple from reacting with the first protection tube 20. Furthermore, it becomes feasible to protect the thermocouple and the first protection tube 20 from the external environment, while preventing the first protection tube 20 from reacting with the second protection tube 22.

A carbon atmosphere thermometer 10a has: a thermocouple having thermocouple wires 16, 18, a thermocouple temperature measuring junction 14, and an insulating tube 12; a first protection tube 20 surrounding the thermocouple, while at least partially spaced apart from the thermocouple wires 16, 18 and others of the thermocouple; and a second protection tube 22 surrounding the first protection tube 20, while at least partially spaced apart from the first protection tube 20. For this reason, it becomes feasible to protect the thermocouple from the external environment, while preventing the thermocouple from reacting with the first protection tube 20. Furthermore, it becomes feasible to protect the thermocouple and the first protection tube 20 from the external environment, while preventing the first protection tube 20 from reacting with the second protection tube 22.

A ventilating stopper rod has a temperature measurement function and is used for continuous casting. The stopper rod has a rod body, a rod head, a temperature measurement unit, a connecting pipe and exhaust passages; the rod body is a hollow structure; the upper end of the rod body is connected with the connecting pipe; the lower end of the rod body is connected with the rod head; the temperature measurement unit is used for measuring the temperature of the molten steel; the open end of the temperature measurement unit is connected with the rod head and communicates with the inner cavity of the rod body; the closed end of the temperature measurement unit extends out from the lower end of the rod head and is exposed from the rod head.

It is disclosed an apparatus and method for determining a temperature of the bath of an electrolytic cell during electrolytic production of a metal. The apparatus comprising an electrode body and a conductor pin at least partially inserted thereinto for providing electrical connection; and a probe inserted into the conductor pin, for providing one or more probe readings and being operable when positioned at least partially below a bath-vapor interface upon immersion in the electrolytic bath. The temperature of the bath is determined based on at least one of the one or more probe readings. The probe is protected from corrosion by the conductor pin during metal production. The electrolytic 10 cell may comprise more than one apparatus for measuring temperature in order to evaluate a temperature profile in the bath. Preferably, the one or more anodes are inert or oxygen evolving anodes, and the metal to be produced is aluminum.

A temperature sensor includes a platinum member having a base portion and a plurality of prongs extending from the base portion. The platinum member is positioned within a housing that includes a first platform having a first support surface supporting the base portion, and a second platform having a second support surface spaced apart from the first support surface. The second support surface supports an end portion of at least one prong of the plurality of prongs, and medial portions of the plurality of prongs between the first and second support surfaces are suspended at a distance from an interior surface of the housing. In some cases, the housing further includes one or more support members between the first and second platforms that project from the interior surface of the housing toward the medial portion of one or more prongs to limit an amount of bending of the prongs.

A deep well grounding electrode and a deep well grounding electrode monitoring system. The deep well grounding electrode comprises a feeding rod, a feeding head, a steel casing, a temperature measurement optical cable, an exhaust pipe, and a drainage cable; the steel casing is located in the well body; the feeding head is located at the bottom of the steel casing; the feeding rod, the temperature measurement optical cable, the exhaust pipe, and the drainage cable are located in the steel casing; the temperature measurement optical cable extends from a bottom end of the feeding rod to a monitoring module; the exhaust pipe extends from the bottom end of the feeding rod to the ground; and one end of the drainage cable is welded on the feeding rod, the other end extends to the monitoring module, and the drainage cable is fixed to the feeding rod by bolts.

A liquid temperature sensor apparatus includes a liquid temperature sensor, a cable reel and a handheld display. The liquid temperature sensor may measure a liquid temperature. The cable reel may lower the liquid temperature sensor into a well including a liquid, and the handheld display may display the temperature of the liquid measured by the liquid temperature sensor.

A liquid temperature sensor apparatus includes a liquid temperature sensor, a cable reel and a handheld display. The liquid temperature sensor may measure a liquid temperature. The cable reel may lower the liquid temperature sensor into a well including a liquid, and the handheld display may display the temperature of the liquid measured by the liquid temperature sensor.

A temperature sensor element includes: an element main body including a heat sensitive body including a thermistor sintered body of which the electrical characteristics change with temperature, and a pair of lead wires that is connected to the heat sensitive body through electrodes; and a protective layer that protects the heat sensitive body. The protective layer has an inner protective layer covering the heat sensitive body and an outer protective layer covering the outer side of the inner protective layer. The inner protective layer is formed of an aggregate of particles that are chemically stable with respect to the thermistor sintered body and made of non-metal.