A load change detection apparatus is provided with a base member, an elastic member, a first plate, a fixing member and heat flow sensors. The elastic member deforms according to a changed load applied to the elastic member, received by the receiving member. The first plate supports a surface of the elastic member on a side of the base member. The fixing member fixes the lower plate and the elastic member to the base member. The heat flow sensors, provided between the base member and the lower plate, output signals according to heat flowing between the lower plate and the base member. The heat flows due to heat generated or heat absorbed when the elastic member changes the elasticity shape thereof. Stress occurring when the elastic member deforms, is shut off by the first plate, thus direct transmission of the stress to the heat flow sensors is avoided.

A sensor abnormality determining apparatus is applied to an inverter that includes: a power element; a cooling water circulation path for cooling the power element; a temperature sensor that detects a temperature of the power element; and a water temperature sensor that detects a temperature of the cooling water circulating in the cooling water circulation path. The sensor abnormality determining apparatus includes: an abnormality determining section and a determination temperature setting section. The abnormality determining section determines the temperature sensor is abnormal when a temperature difference between the detected power element temperature and the detected water temperature is larger than a prescribed determination temperature difference. The determination temperature setting section sets the prescribed determination temperature difference to a lower value when the detected power element temperature is lower than the detected water temperature as compared to when the detected power element temperature is higher than the detected water temperature.

A sensor abnormality determining apparatus is applied to an inverter that includes: a power element; a cooling water circulation path for cooling the power element; a temperature sensor that detects a temperature of the power element; and a water temperature sensor that detects a temperature of the cooling water circulating in the cooling water circulation path. The sensor abnormality determining apparatus includes: an abnormality determining section and a determination temperature setting section. The abnormality determining section determines the temperature sensor is abnormal when a temperature difference between the detected power element temperature and the detected water temperature is larger than a prescribed determination temperature difference. The determination temperature setting section sets the prescribed determination temperature difference to a lower value when the detected power element temperature is lower than the detected water temperature as compared to when the detected power element temperature is higher than the detected water temperature.

A system and a method capable of identifying a heat source position corresponding to a failure portion are provided. An analysis system according to the present invention is an analysis system that identifies a heat source position inside a semiconductor device, and includes a tester that applies an AC signal to the semiconductor device, an infrared camera that detects light from the semiconductor device according to the AC signal and outputs a detection signal, and a data analysis unit that identifies the heat source position based on the detection signal.

A system and a method capable of identifying a heat source position corresponding to a failure portion are provided. An analysis system according to the present invention is an analysis system that identifies a heat source position inside a semiconductor device, and includes a tester that applies an AC signal to the semiconductor device, an infrared camera that detects light from the semiconductor device according to the AC signal and outputs a detection signal, and a data analysis unit that identifies the heat source position based on the detection signal.

A heat flux measurement system includes a first wire, a first heat flux sensor singly provided in the middle of the first wire, a second wire including a first end connected to the first wire at a position closer to a first end of the first wire than the first heat flux sensor in which the second wire is formed of the same material as that of the first wire, a second heat flux sensor singly provided in the middle of the second wire, a first detection unit detecting a voltage between opposite ends of the first wire, and a second detection unit detecting a voltage between the first end of the first wire and a second end of the second wire.

A heat flux measurement system includes a first wire, a first heat flux sensor singly provided in the middle of the first wire, a second wire including a first end connected to the first wire at a position closer to a first end of the first wire than the first heat flux sensor in which the second wire is formed of the same material as that of the first wire, a second heat flux sensor singly provided in the middle of the second wire, a first detection unit detecting a voltage between opposite ends of the first wire, and a second detection unit detecting a voltage between the first end of the first wire and a second end of the second wire.

The present disclosure is directed to systems, methods and tools that measure ionic concentrations and downhole enthalpy of a flowing geothermal fluid in real-time at high-temperature and pressure. The systems, methods and tools include measuring the concentration of selected naturally occurring ions found in the liquid phase of the geothermal fluid throughout the wellbore using novel electrochemical sensor technologies. The change in liquid-phase ion concentration will be used to calculate the proportion of liquid to steam and allow for accurate enthalpy measurements. The techniques and technologies described here can be applied to any application of electrochemical sensing in extreme environments.

The present disclosure is directed to systems, methods and tools that measure ionic concentrations and downhole enthalpy of a flowing geothermal fluid in real-time at high-temperature and pressure. The systems, methods and tools include measuring the concentration of selected naturally occurring ions found in the liquid phase of the geothermal fluid throughout the wellbore using novel electrochemical sensor technologies. The change in liquid-phase ion concentration will be used to calculate the proportion of liquid to steam and allow for accurate enthalpy measurements. The techniques and technologies described here can be applied to any application of electrochemical sensing in extreme environments.

A distributed metering device and method based on a matching coefficient, wherein the room temperature is regulated by means of an on-off controller according to an on-off time area method based heat metering device, and heat meter for the building is distributed to heat consumers according to a ratio of the on-off control valve opening cumulative time, the building area and the radiator power to a design heat load; or multiplying the ratio of heat meter reading of each household divided by heat load per unit area of each household to heat reading of a heat meter of each household of the entire building divided by the sum of the heat load per unit area of each household by the heat meter reading of a settlement point as the user's shared heat according to a heat meter method based household metering device.