Irreducible water saturation of fluid-storing porous reservoir rock is determined using methods that include obtaining a reservoir rock sample from the underground fluid reservoir; performing mercury saturation measurements on the reservoir rock sample for different mercury injection pressure values to obtain mercury saturation values for the different mercury injection pressure values; and estimating the irreducible water saturation (Sw.sub.irr) from the mercury saturation values and the mercury injection pressure values by correcting for surface films of fluid retained on pore walls of the reservoir rock.

Systems and methods are provided to simulate, approximate, or replicate conditions similar to concrete elements being placed under pressures equivalent to several hundred feet of ocean water and to provide information useful to assess relative durability of concrete without coring or other destructive actions. The quality of concrete can be assessed by measuring the pressure drop of water or other liquid to ingress through the concrete surface under high pressure over time. A rapid assessment of quality of existing concrete is provided. Systems and methods can efficiently assess long term durability of existing concrete elements such as those used in midrise buildings, parking garages, bridge decks, and the like.

The disclosure relates to methods for determining imbibition of hydraulic fracturing fluids into hydrocarbon-bearing formations. More specifically, the disclosure relates to laboratory methods for determining certain unconventional flow parameters to measure the imbibition over time of hydraulic fracturing fluids into a low-permeability hydrocarbon-bearing rock formation.

An isotope nuclear magnetic method for analyzing ineffective water absorption of rock pores includes steps of: saturating core pores of a core sample with a wetting phase fluid of water H.sub.2O, and obtaining a core T.sub.2 spectrum after being saturated with the water; re-saturating the core pores with a wetting phase fluid of heavy water D.sub.2O, and obtaining a rock baseline T.sub.2 spectrum; injecting fluorinated oil into the core sample saturated with the heavy water; injecting the water H.sub.2O, simulating a water injection process, and injecting the fluorinated oil, so as to analyze a content of immobile water and obtain a residual T.sub.2 spectrum, wherein a range formed by a difference between the residual T.sub.2 spectrum and the rock baseline T.sub.2 spectrum is an ineffective water absorption portion of the rock pores, and an ineffective water absorption amount is obtained.

A method can include receiving porosimetry data for a range of pressures that spans a transition zone defined at least in part by a high-pressure end of a first pressure zone and a low-pressure end of a second pressure zone; detecting at least one artifact in the transition zone; computing accuracy information for the high-pressure end of the first pressure zone and the low-pressure end of the second pressure zone; computing a pressure-volume adjustment based at least in part on the accuracy information; and outputting a pressure-volume relationship in the transition zone based at least in part on the pressure-volume adjustment.

The disclosure relates to methods for determining imbibition of hydraulic fracturing fluids into hydrocarbon-bearing formations. More specifically, the disclosure relates to laboratory methods for determining certain unconventional flow parameters to measure the imbibition over time of hydraulic fracturing fluids into a low-permeability hydrocarbon-bearing rock formation.

Embodiments of a method of pore type classification for petrophysical rock typing are disclosed herein. In general, embodiments of the method utilize parameterization of MICP data and/or other petrophysical data for pore type classification. Furthermore, embodiments of the method involve extrapolating, predicting, or propagating the pore type classification to the well log domain. The methods described here are unique in that: they describe the process from sample selection through log-scale prediction; PTGs are defined independently of the original depositional geology; parameters which describe the whole MICP curve shape can be utilized; and objective clustering can be used to remove subjective decisions. In addition, the method exploits the link between MICP data and the petrophysical characteristics of rock samples to derive self-consistent predictions of PTG, porosity, permeability and water saturation.

A soil-emulating device and a system for evaluation of soil-related properties are provided. The soil-emulating apparatus includes one or more soil micromodels comprising packed emulated soil particles. The packed soil particles comprise a particle size distribution, and a soil structure of a desired soil type. The soil micromodel is cast from a two-dimensional representation of a region to provide visualization of air infiltration into pores of the micromodel. The soil micromodel is located within an environmental control chamber to control humidity and, optionally, the soil micromodel is saturated with a bacteria strain. Images are captured of the soil micromodel over time.

The present disclosure relates, according to some embodiments, to methods of marker based direct integrity testing of at least one membrane comprising: (a) dosing a feed fluid of a loop with at least one marker comprising at least one challenge particle, the loop comprising: the feed fluid; a pump comprising an outlet stream; a membrane module comprising the at least one membrane and a membrane module outlet stream, wherein the membrane module is in fluid communication with the outlet stream; a marker recycle stream in fluid communication with the membrane module outlet stream and the pump; and a means to measure particle concentrations; (b) circulating the feed fluid through the membrane module at least once to produce a filtrate comprising a filtered at least one marker; (c) measuring a filtrate particle concentration of the filtered at least one filtered marker in the filtrate to produce a filtrate concentration measurement; and (d) calculating a log removal value from the filtrate concentration measurement and the feed concentration measurement; wherein the log removal value is less than about 3 ?m.

In some implementations, a cement testing system includes an upper end module and a lower end module. Casing-emulating tubing couples to the upper end module and to the lower end module and emulates a wellbore casing. A plurality of intermediate well-wall-emulating modules is configured to couple end-to-end and to couple to the upper end module and the lower end module to form an annulus around the casing emulating tubing. Each of the plurality of intermediate well-wall emulating modules is configured to emulate one or more characteristics of a well wall.