According to a method for monitoring post-translational modifications of protein is provided, a first microbead by binding a protein antibody to a base bead is provided. A second microbead by binding a target protein having a first post-translational modification or a second post-translational modification, which are inversely proportional to each other, to the protein antibody of the first microbead, is provided. A third microbead by binding the second microbead to a first post-translational modification antibody is provided. A fourth microbead by binding the second microbead to a second post-translational modification antibody is provided. Impedances of the third and fourth microbeads are measured. A ratio of a first difference, between the impedances of the third microbead and a reference impedance, to a second difference, between the impedances of the fourth microbead and the reference impedance, is obtained.

A technology is provided that enables high accuracy electrical measurement regardless of the performance of a measurement device. An electrical characteristic measurement apparatus includes a measurement unit that measures an electrical characteristic of a biological sample in a plurality of frequencies; and an assignment unit that performs assignment of a number of measurements and/or a measurement amplitude for each frequency. Use of a combination of a frequency for which the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is intentionally left low and a frequency for which the SNR is on the contrary improved when an electrical characteristic of a biological sample is measured in multiple frequencies, can provide, as a result, high accuracy electrical measurement optimal for the purpose of measurement.

A system and method for sensing the wave impedance of a material using an RF power source with a sensor structure comprised of a metamaterial radiative filter (MRF). The wave impedance is specified or monitored by processing a differential RF signal level with an impedance calculator. The differential RF signal level is obtained from a reference source signal and a response signal. RF field-coupling of the RF source with the material effects the response signal level. In embodiments, the spectrometer is physically configured for noninvasive and invasive measurements. In embodiments, the material is sensed when shielded by RF-opaque media. In embodiments, wherein the MRF has a fixed response characteristic, the dielectric constant may be obtained with a sensing structure comprised of two transponders and a single RF frequency. In embodiments wherein the MRF has a fixed response characteristic, both the dielectric constant and the loss tangent may be obtained using three transponders and a single RF frequency. In embodiments wherein the MRF is tuned with programmed control, both the dielectric constant and the loss tangent may be obtained using two transponders and a single RF frequency

A system and method for sensing the wave impedance of a material using an RF power source with a sensor structure comprised of a metamaterial radiative filter (MRF). The wave impedance is specified or monitored by processing a differential RF signal level with an impedance calculator. The differential RF signal level is obtained from a reference source signal and a response signal. RF field-coupling of the RF source with the material effects the response signal level. In embodiments, the spectrometer is physically configured for noninvasive and invasive measurements. In embodiments, the material is sensed when shielded by RF-opaque media. In embodiments, wherein the MRF has a fixed response characteristic, the dielectric constant may be obtained with a sensing structure comprised of two transponders and a single RF frequency. In embodiments wherein the MRF has a fixed response characteristic, both the dielectric constant and the loss tangent may be obtained using three transponders and a single RF frequency. In embodiments wherein the MRF is tuned with programmed control, both the dielectric constant and the loss tangent may be obtained using two transponders and a single RF frequency.

The present disclosure is directed to a gas sensor device that detects gases with large molecules (e.g., a gas with a molecular weight between 150 g/mol and 450 g/mol), such as siloxanes. The gas sensor device includes a thin film gas sensor and a bulk film gas sensor. The thin film gas sensor and the bulk film gas sensor each include a semiconductor metal oxide (SMO) film, a heater, and a temperature sensor. The SMO film of the thin film gas sensor is an thin film (e.g., between 90 nanometers and 110 nanometers thick), and the SMO film of the bulk film gas sensor is an thick film (e.g., between 5 micrometers and 20 micrometers thick). The gas sensor device detects gases with large molecules based on a variation between resistances of the SMO thin film and the SMO thick film.

According to a method for monitoring post-translational modifications of protein is provided, a first microbead by binding a protein antibody to a base bead is provided. A second microbead by binding a target protein having a first post-translational modification or a second post-translational modification, which are inversely proportional to each other, to the protein antibody of the first microbead, is provided. A third microbead by binding the second microbead to a first post-translational modification antibody is provided. A fourth microbead by binding the second microbead to a second post-translational modification antibody is provided. Impedances of the third and fourth microbeads are measured. A ratio of a first difference, between the impedances of the third microbead and a reference impedance, to a second difference, between the impedances of the fourth microbead and the reference impedance, is obtained.

Described systems and methods allow the detection and quantitation of a target analyte such as a toxin, drug, pesticide, etc. Some embodiments use a sensor comprising photo-sensitive cells, e.g., cells genetically modified to express an opsin. A light source such as an LED is used to optically stimulate the sensor cells, triggering changes in a measurable quantity such as the polarization of the cell membrane. Some embodiments use electrical impedance measurements to monitor the cell's recovery from the state induced by the optical stimulation. The recovery process is affected by the presence of certain bio-active compounds, which allows detection and quantitation of such compounds.

A blood state analysis apparatus including at least an analysis unit that uses data related to the temporal change in electrical characteristics to analyze information related to fibrinogen in a blood sample, in which the analysis unit uses at least two predetermined time points derived from the data related to the temporal change on a basis of a predetermined mathematical definition to calculate a parameter R, and acquires at least two pieces of information related to the fibrinogen in the blood sample.

The present invention relates to a biosensor for inspecting the susceptibility of a microorganism to an antibiotic, a fabrication method therefor, and a method for inspecting the susceptibility of a microorganism to an antibiotic by using same, wherein the biosensor comprises: a substrate including polyethylene terephthalate; and a sensor part formed on one surface or both surfaces of the substrate and comprising an electrode inclusive of a first electrode and a second electrode which interdigitate with each other.

A zero-power digital chemical analyzer can include a chemically-selective percolation switch. The chemically selected percolation switch can include a positive electrode and a negative electrode separated from the positive electrode by a gap. A binding agent can be located at binding sites in the gap. The binding agent can be selective for binding to a target chemical compound. The binding sites can be distributed in the gap so that target chemical molecules binding to the binding sites can form an electrically conductive pathway via a natural percolation phenomenon between the electrodes when the ambient concentration of the target chemical compound reaches a threshold concentration.