A metal detector has a transformer unit (1), a transmitter unit (2), a receiver coil set (3), a signal processing unit (4) and a control unit (5). The transformer unit provides an input signal (s.sub.IN) with selectable operating frequency (f.sub.TX) to an amplifier stage (12), that is connected to a transmitter coil (21) that is coupled to first and second receiver coils (31, 32). The coil outputs are connected to the signal processing unit, which has a receiver unit (41) and a signal processor (42). A coupling transformer (13) has first and second windings (13A, 13B), connected to the output of the amplifier stage, and a third winding (13C), connected to the transmitter coil. The first and second windings are each connected at a first end to a supply voltage (+Ub). Each of the first and second windings has at least one tapping (141, 142, 143, 144; 141, 142, 143, 144) at a same turn number counted from the first end. The amplifier stage has first and second amplification wings (12A, 12B). Each of these is associated with a power transistor connected to one of the at least one tappings of the corresponding winding, so the first and second amplification wings amplify the corresponding first and second half waves of the input signal.

A system includes at least one examining module configured to be disposed onboard a vehicle system and a mitigation module. The at least one examining module is configured to identify an identified section of a route being traversed by the vehicle system, with the identified section corresponding to at least one of a potentially damaged section of the route or an actually damaged section of the route. The mitigation module is configured to, responsive to an identification by the at least one examining module of the identified section of the route, automatically perform a mitigation action corresponding to the identified section of the route.

A radio frequency signaling system includes a curable coating composition configured to be cured to form a cured coating and a sensor received in the curable coating composition. The sensor includes circuitry forming an inductor-capacitor circuit. The circuitry has a maximum outer diameter of 10 m-2.0 mm. The circuitry is configured to generate an electromagnetic field in response to an external radio frequency signal. A container configured to be monitored by a radio frequency signaling system is also provided. The container includes: a container body having an outer surface and an inner surface; a cured coating on the inner surface and/or the outer surface of the container body; and a sensor positioned in the cured coating configured to detect absorption of a fluid contained in the container body by the cured coating.

An oxygen scavenger composition comprising iron having a metallic iron content of 94% by mass or more.

A sensor includes a resonant transducer, the resonant transducer being configured to determine the composition of an emulsion. The composition of the emulsion is determined by measuring the complex impedance spectrum values of the mixture of the emulsion and applying multivariate data analysis to the values.

The invention relates to a measuring arrangement comprising: a coil arrangement for creating a magnetic field to measure a sample to be arranged in connection with it including at least one flat coil, the coil geometry of which is arranged to be changed in the direction of the plane defined by the coil arrangement, in order to create a spatially changing magnetic field having a known distance dependence for measuring the sample; and electronics connected to the coil arrangement for creating a magnetic field using the coil arrangement; and means for changing the position of the sample and the coil arrangement relative to each other in order to change the magnetic field affecting the sample and having the known distance dependence. In addition, the invention also relates to a method for measuring a sample.

A multiphase meter system including: transmitting and receiving antennas in the flow pipe, wherein the receiving antennas are at different distances from the transmitting antenna, and a control system configured to: apply an electromagnetic field to the transmitting antenna and receive signals from the receiving antenna induced in the fluid or the pipe by the transmission of the electromagnetic field; calculate a resonance quality of the signals received by at least one of the first and second receiver antennas; calculate composition or salinity of the fluid based on the resonance quality if the resonance quality is greater than a threshold value, and calculate composition or salinity of the fluid based on a transmission time difference of the signals received from the first receiver antenna and the signals received by the second receiver antenna if the resonance quality is below the threshold value.

An electronic indicator includes artificial soil and sensor. An electrical characteristic of the electronic indicator can vary due to a change in the volume of the artificial soil. In some embodiments, the electrical characteristic of the electronic indicator can be measured by an electrical characteristic reader and used to determine efficacy of a cleaning cycle.

A sensor is disclosed, which includes a resonant transducer, the resonant transducer being configured to determine the composition of an emulsion or other dispersion. The resonant transducer has a sampling cell, a bottom winding disposed around the sampling cell, and a top winding disposed around the bottom winding. The composition of the dispersion is determined by measuring the complex impedance spectrum values of the mixture of the dispersion and applying multivariate data analysis to the values.

A wireless sensor array communication system includes a plurality of wireless sensors each including a resonant circuit that is excited by an RF pulse so as to provide a resonant energy proportional to a measurand being monitored. A transceiver of an interrogator system transmits RF pulses to each of the sensors to excite the resonant circuits therein and receives RF signals transmitted from each of the sensors that are indicative of the resonant energy provided by the resonant circuit. A magnet-gradient coil arrangement of the interrogator system generates a magnetic field and selectively applies magnetic field gradients along a number of axes, such that a frequency and phase of the resonant energy provided by the resonant circuit of each wireless sensor is altered responsive thereto, with the altered frequency and phase of the resonant energy being a function of a location of the respective wireless sensor within the magnetic field.