A method of producing a paper product by forming a paper web on a paper machine, the web including a plurality of sections, analyzing the web, marking the web, winding the web to form a parent roll after the web has been inspected and marked, assigning an action score to each section of the web, at least one action score having an action value, unwinding a web from a parent roll, reading at least one of a plurality of marks with a mark reading unit, obtaining the action score associated with a second one of the marks, calculating a distance between a mark read by the reading unit and the second one of the marks, changing at least one operational parameter of a converting line based upon the action score of the second of the marks when the distance is less than a threshold, and converting the paper web.

Examples of charging a photoconductive layer in an image forming apparatus are described. In one example, a method comprises applying a charging voltage to the photoconductive layer and measuring surface voltages of the photoconductive layer at a plurality of positions on the photoconductive layer. Based on the measured surface voltages, a correction voltage profile is determined. The determined correction voltage profile comprises at least a first correction voltage associated with a first position on the photoconductive layer and a second correction voltage associated with a second position, different to the first position, on the photoconductive layer. The method comprises applying the first correction voltage to the photoconductive layer and applying the second correction voltage to the photoconductive layer.

Examples of charging a photoconductive layer in an image forming apparatus are described. In one example, a method comprises applying a charging voltage to the photoconductive layer and measuring surface voltages of the photoconductive layer at a plurality of positions on the photoconductive layer. Based on the measured surface voltages, a correction voltage profile is determined. The determined correction voltage profile comprises at least a first correction voltage associated with a first position on the photoconductive layer and a second correction voltage associated with a second position, different to the first position, on the photoconductive layer. The method comprises applying the first correction voltage to the photoconductive layer and applying the second correction voltage to the photoconductive layer.

Propagating brush discharge testing systems may include a dielectric layer, an initiation electrode, a high-voltage switch, an optical sensor, and a controller. The initiation electrode has an exposed tip positioned adjacent to a surface of the dielectric layer. The high-voltage switch is configured to selectively isolate the initiation electrode from ground potential. The optical sensor is positioned and configured to sense light generated at the surface due to a propagating brush discharge. The controller is programmed to operate the high-voltage switch to ground the initiation electrode and to operate the optical sensor to collect light from the propagating brush discharge. Propagating brush discharge testing methods include positioning an exposed tip of an initiation electrode with respect to a surface of a dielectric layer, then charging the surface, and then grounding the initiation electrode to neutralize charge on the surface (generally causing a propagating brush discharge).

Propagating brush discharge testing systems may include a dielectric layer, an initiation electrode, a high-voltage switch, an optical sensor, and a controller. The initiation electrode has an exposed tip positioned adjacent to a surface of the dielectric layer. The high-voltage switch is configured to selectively isolate the initiation electrode from ground potential. The optical sensor is positioned and configured to sense light generated at the surface due to a propagating brush discharge. The controller is programmed to operate the high-voltage switch to ground the initiation electrode and to operate the optical sensor to collect light from the propagating brush discharge. Propagating brush discharge testing methods include positioning an exposed tip of an initiation electrode with respect to a surface of a dielectric layer, then charging the surface, and then grounding the initiation electrode to neutralize charge on the surface (generally causing a propagating brush discharge).

A system for producing a paper product. The system includes a paper machine, an analysis tool, and a converting line. The paper machine forms a paper web having a plurality of sections, inspects the paper web to identify web properties, and marks the paper web with a plurality of marks. The analysis tool assigns action scores to each section of the paper web based upon the identified properties that section of the paper web. The converting line reads at least one of the plurality of marks on the paper web, obtains the action score associated with a second one of the plurality of marks, calculates a distance between the at least one mark read by the reading unit and the second one of the plurality of marks, and changes at least one operational parameter of the converting line when the calculated distance is less than a threshold.

A system for producing a paper product. The system includes a paper machine, an analysis tool, and a converting line. The paper machine forms a paper web having a plurality of sections, inspects the paper web to identify web properties, and marks the paper web with a plurality of marks. The analysis tool assigns action scores to each section of the paper web based upon the identified properties that section of the paper web. The converting line reads at least one of the plurality of marks on the paper web, obtains the action score associated with a second one of the plurality of marks, calculates a distance between the at least one mark read by the reading unit and the second one of the plurality of marks, and changes at least one operational parameter of the converting line when the calculated distance is less than a threshold.

A method to assess external corrosion in buried pipelines includes analysis of moisture content of soil along the length of the pipe to choose the most appropriate indirect inspection methods. External corrosion is assessed based on the unification of probability techniques using clustered inspection data and deterministic formulation for soil conditions. A deterministic model pinpoints the location of the most likely areas for corrosion due to the electrochemical cell formation produced by the presence of water and the properties of the soil, such as ion concentrations, pH, soil resistivity, redox potential, corrosion potential and soil type. The filtering of the data by clustering provides reliable results to locate the most corrosive locations. The failure probability is calculated based on in-line inspection data, where different indications could appear and different dimensions are used to link the corrosivity with the failure for choosing repairing methods and taking actions against corrosion.

A method to assess external corrosion in buried pipelines includes analysis of moisture content of soil along the length of the pipe to choose the most appropriate indirect inspection methods. External corrosion is assessed based on the unification of probability techniques using clustered inspection data and deterministic formulation for soil conditions. A deterministic model pinpoints the location of the most likely areas for corrosion due to the electrochemical cell formation produced by the presence of water and the properties of the soil, such as ion concentrations, pH, soil resistivity, redox potential, corrosion potential and soil type. The filtering of the data by clustering provides reliable results to locate the most corrosive locations. The failure probability is calculated based on in-line inspection data, where different indications could appear and different dimensions are used to link the corrosivity with the failure for choosing repairing methods and taking actions against corrosion.

A method of controlling a paper product converting line. The method includes unwinding a paper web from a parent roll on a converting line, the converting line having a plurality of operational parameters, the paper web including a plurality of sections in a sequence, and a plurality of marks, each mark being associated with an action score, at least one action score having an action value, reading at least one of the marks, obtaining the action score associated with a second one of the marks, the second of the marks being a next mark with an action value after the one read mark, calculating a distance between the at least one read mark and the second one, changing at least one operational parameter of the converting line based upon the action score, and converting the paper web into a paper product.