Disclosed are a runoff estimating method and a runoff estimating device for an ungauged region. The method includes: acquiring driving data, the driving data comprising monthly-scale precipitation, monthly-scale potential evapotranspiration, and soil water volume content of a basin within a preset period; establishing an objective function of monthly-scale water quantity balance change of the basin, and determining a parameter to be calculated in the objective function; initializing the parameter to obtain an initial value of the parameter; inputting the initial value of the parameter and the driving data into the objective function to obtain an initial function value of the objective function; performing an iterative computation on the parameter based on the initial value of the parameter and the initial function value to obtain an optimized value of the parameter, and inputting the optimized value of the parameter into the objective function to obtain an objective function value.

Devices are provided for indicating a moisture content of a substance such as soil. In an example, a device for indicating a moisture content of soil includes a stem configured to be inserted into the soil and an indicator coupled to the stem and configured to visually indicate the moisture content of the soil, the stem and the indicator each comprised of an absorbent material and at least the indicator including hydrochromic ink on the absorbent material.

Methods and systems for estimating a surface runoff based on a pixel scale are disclosed. In some embodiments, the method includes the following steps: (1) calculating a vegetation canopy interception water storage, a litterfall interception water storage, and a soil water storage according to an obtained original remote sensing dataset of a climate element in a study area; (2) calculating a vegetation-soil interception water conservation in the study area based on an established vegetation-soil interception water conservation estimation model according to the vegetation canopy interception water storage, the litterfall interception water storage, the soil water storage, and monthly precipitation; and (3) calculating a surface runoff in the study area based on an established water balance water conservation estimation model according to the monthly precipitation, monthly snowmelt, monthly actual evapotranspiration, and the vegetation-soil interception water conservation in the study area.

Speed control of machines and associated implements during transitions of agricultural parameters is described herein. In one embodiment, a processing system comprises processing logic to execute instructions for processing agricultural data and performing speed control of a machine and associated implement during a transition period for adjusting a setting of an agricultural parameter. A communication unit is coupled to the processing logic. The communication unit to transmit and receive data from the implement. The processing logic is configured to execute instructions to adjust the setting of the agricultural parameter and to determine a desired speed control during the transition period based on at least one of a desired transition distance and productivity during the transition period.

A soil apparatus is drawn through a furrow and reflectance from the furrow is obtained from the soil apparatus, and a height off target is measured between the soil apparatus and the furrow.

A method includes determining reservoir rock and fluid characteristics of a reservoir rock and, based on the reservoir rock and fluid characteristics of the reservoir rock, selecting a core. The method also includes selecting a first surfactant and selecting a second surfactant. In addition, the method includes performing a water block mitigation test using the selected core, the first surfactant and the second surfactant and performing a proppant phase trapping mitigation test using the selected core, the first surfactant and the second surfactant.

This disclosure relates generally to a system and method for monitoring performance of low-cost sensors plied in a field for soil moisture measurement. The low-cost sensors are calibrated to give useful derived parameters to support farming such as volumetric water content (VWC) of the soil. Further, the steps are being incorporated to de-noise their response to derive stable measurements similar to expensive rugged sensors. The calibration of the low-cost sensor and normalization of incoming values from the low-cost sensor are based on values determined through rugged sensors for soil moisture measurement. The normalization involves finding a minimum value and maximum value of soil moisture. Performance of the low-cost sensors are analyzed based on a range of values of the soil moisture. Finally, the performance analysis provides degradation stages and based on the degradation stages evaluated recommendations to modify the sensor are shared with the user.

The invention discloses a method for determining dynamic wetland boundary based on hydrology, organism and soil elements, including the following steps: step 1: extracting dynamic wetland hydrology boundary; step 2: obtaining data on wetland vegetation; step 3: obtaining data on wetland soil; step 4: simulating dynamic wetland vegetation boundary and dynamic wetland soil boundary according to the data from step 1 to step 3; step 5: determining dynamic wetland boundary; the invention can reflect the dynamic wetland boundary in multiple dimensions comprehensively and accurately.

An apparatus for analyzing a core sample obtained from a subterranean formation includes a neutron generator, a plurality of detectors, a computed tomography scanner, an information processing device, and a transport system. The neutron generator can operate in a pulsed mode and emit neutrons into the core sample.

A ground material density measurement system is disclosed. The ground material density measurement system may receive a moisture measurement associated with an amount of moisture on a ground surface of a section of ground material. The ground material density measurement system may determine a GPR measurement associated with the section of ground material. The ground material density measurement system may process the GPR measurement based on the moisture measurement to account for the amount of moisture. The ground material density measurement system may provide density information associated with the section of ground material based on the processed GPR measurement.