Apparatus and methods for coherent diffractive imaging with arbitrary angle of illumination incidence utilize a method of fast remapping of a detected diffraction intensity pattern from a detector pixel array (initial grid) to a uniform spatial frequency grid (final grid) chosen to allow for FFT on the remapped pattern. This is accomplished by remapping the initial grid to an intermediate grid chosen to result in a final grid that is linear in spatial frequency. The initial grid is remapped (generally by interpolation) to the intermediate grid that is calculated to correspond to the final grid. In general, the initial grid (x,y) is uniform in space, the intermediate grid ({tilde over (x)},{tilde over (y)}) is non-uniform in spatial frequency, and the final grid ({tilde over (f)}.sub.x,{tilde over (f)}.sub.y) is uniform in spatial frequency.

A method comprises providing reference data indicative of at least one reference energy-dispersive x-ray spectrum, providing measured data indicative of at least one measured energy-dispersive x-ray spectrum obtained from a sample, and determining a transformation based on a comparison of the measured data with the reference data. A system configured to determine a transformation based on a comparison of measured data with reference data is also described.

The present disclosure provides a detection and analysis method for rapid delineation of aging stages of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified asphalt, including the following steps: performing a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test on unaged SBS-modified asphalt samples to obtain a copolymer index of I.sub.B0/S0 and neat asphalt functional group indexes, including the SI.sub.0, I.sub.B, aI.sub.0, ARI.sub.0, and CI.sub.0; performing the FTIR test on the aged SBS-modified asphalt samples to obtain an actual index of I.sub.B/S, SI, I.sub.B, .sub.aI, ARI, and CI; and delineating three aging stages of SBS-modified asphalt, including a polymer swelling stage, a polymer degradation stage and a component imbalance stage according to changes of functional group indexes. According to the present disclosure, the actual aging stages of the SBS-modified asphalt can be determined rapidly and accurately, providing a reasonable basis for the decision on pavement maintenance timing and mode.

The present disclosure provides a detection and analysis method for rapid delineation of aging stages of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified asphalt, including the following steps: performing a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test on unaged SBS-modified asphalt samples to obtain a copolymer index of I.sub.B0/S0 and neat asphalt functional group indexes, including the SI.sub.0, I.sub.B, aI.sub.0, ARI.sub.0, and CI.sub.0; performing the FTIR test on the aged SBS-modified asphalt samples to obtain an actual index of I.sub.B/S, SI, I.sub.B, .sub.aI, ARI, and CI; and delineating three aging stages of SBS-modified asphalt, including a polymer swelling stage, a polymer degradation stage and a component imbalance stage according to changes of functional group indexes. According to the present disclosure, the actual aging stages of the SBS-modified asphalt can be determined rapidly and accurately, providing a reasonable basis for the decision on pavement maintenance timing and mode.

The present disclosure relates to a method and a system for full-field quantitative X-ray phase nanotomography using a space-domain Kramers-Kronig relation, which may comprise a step of generating a scattering field using a Fourier transform on an incident field of an X-ray pulse using a zone plate, a step of halving the scattering field through a cutoff filter to establish a space-domain Kramers-Kronig relation, and obtaining a quantitative real part refractive index tomogram from the other half of the scattering fields using a detector.

An example method includes measuring, by at least one of a polarized light device, a spatially resolved acoustic spectroscopy device, or an eddy current device, an alpha phase data set indicative of an alpha phase of a crystalline structure of a material. The method includes receiving, by processing circuitry, the alpha phase data set, wherein the alpha phase data set comprises a plurality of pixels, wherein each pixel of the plurality of pixels includes a position, a first Euler angle, a second Euler angle, and a third Euler angle, wherein the third Euler angle is missing or erroneous. The method also includes adjusting, by the processing circuitry, the third Euler angle of a pixel of the plurality of pixels and storing, by the processing circuitry and based on adjusting the third Euler angle of the pixel reducing a total beta phase misorientation, the alpha phase data set.

In one embodiment, there is provided method of imaging a biological sample. The method includes providing, by a polarizing source assembly, a source polarized coherent electromagnetic beam to the biological sample. The method further includes capturing, by a detector assembly, an intermediate electromagnetic beam from the biological sample. The intermediate electromagnetic beam is related to the source polarized coherent electromagnetic beam and to an optical anisotropic property of the biological sample. The method further includes providing, by the detector assembly, an output electrical signal corresponding to an output electromagnetic beam. The output electromagnetic beam is related to the intermediate electromagnetic beam. The method further includes generating, by an imaging circuitry, an image of at least a portion of the biological sample based, at least in part, on the output electrical signal.