A tomographic method of determining a 3D map of a charge collection efficiency in a volume of investigation of a sample and an apparatus for performing the method. The sample has a charge carrier selecting structure and the method comprises the steps of: Arranging the sample in a beam path of a probe beam, wherein the probe beam propagates in a beam-direction which defines an axis in a laboratory frame coordinate system, Scanning the volume of investigation with an analyzing spot of the probe beam and simultaneously measuring the beam induced current and/or voltage, wherein a position of the sample arranged on a sample stage is defined by the coordinates z, y and r and a value of the beam induced current and/or voltage is determined for every position of the sample during the scanning action and Assigning every coordinate point (z, y, r) in the laboratory frame coordinate system, at which the analyzing spot of the probe beam hits the sample to a value of the beam induced current and/or voltage, which is measured for this point (z, y, r), reconstructing the 3D map of the charge collection efficiency by processing the values of the beam induced current and/or voltage determined for the coordinates (z, y, r) in the laboratory frame coordinate system with a tomographic image reconstruction algorithm so as to determine the 3D map of the charge collection efficiency in a coordinate system of the sample.

Provided are techniques for developing a hydrocarbon reservoir that include: determining a reservoir model of a hydrocarbon reservoir that includes columns of gridblocks that represent a vertical segment of the reservoir; acquiring nano-images of a rock sample of the reservoir; determining, based on the nano-images, properties of an inorganic pore network and an organic pore network of the rock sample; generating a divided reservoir model of the reservoir that represents the inorganic and organic pore networks of the reservoir, including: for each of the columns of gridblocks, dividing each of the gridblocks of the column into: a water-wet gridblock associated with the properties of the inorganic pore network determined based on the nano-images; and an oil-wet gridblock associated with the properties of the organic pore network determined based on the nano-images; and generating, using the divided reservoir model, a simulation of the hydrocarbon reservoir.

An inspection method of a membrane electrode assembly includes a first process of acquiring an X-ray transmission image of the membrane electrode assembly, a second process of identifying a luminance-reduced region having a luminance lower than a luminance of a surrounding region in the X-ray transmission image acquired in the first process, a third process of correcting the luminance of the luminance-reduced region identified in the second process, in accordance with a planar size of the luminance-reduced region, based on a correlation between a planar size of a foreign matter in the membrane electrode assembly and change in luminance due to diffraction of X-rays, and a fourth process of finding a thickness of the foreign matter in the membrane electrode assembly based on the luminance corrected in the third process.

A cabinet X-ray image system for obtaining X-ray images and colorized or grey scale density X-ray images of a specimen includes a sampling chamber for containing the specimen, a display, an X-ray system including, an X-ray source, a photon counting X-ray detector, and a specimen platform, and a controller configured to selectively energize the X-ray source, control the photon counting X-ray detector to collect a projection X-ray image of the specimen when the X-ray source is energized, determine the density of different areas of the specimen from data collected from the photon counting X-ray detector of the projection X-ray image, create a density X-ray image of the specimen wherein different areas of the specimen are indicated as a density or range of densities based on the determined density of different areas of the specimen, and selectively display the density X-ray image of the specimen on the display.

A measurement system and method are presented for measuring one or more parameters of a sample. The measurement system comprises an excitation system and a detection system. The excitation system is configured to generate combined exciting radiation comprising one- or multi-parameter modulation of multiple exciting signals of different types to be applied to at least a portion of a sample under measurements to thereby induce electron emission response of said at least portion of the sample to said combined exciting radiation. The detection system is configured for detecting the electron emission response of the at least portion of the sample and generating measured data indicative of a modulated change of an electrical state of the at least portion of the sample, thereby enabling determination of one or more parameters of the sample from the measured data.

A phase analyzer includes a data acquisition unit that acquires spectrum imaging data in which a position on a sample is associated with a spectrum of a signal from the sample; a phase analysis unit that performs phase analysis based on the spectrum imaging data; a display control unit that displays results of the phase analysis on a first screen; and a condition reception unit that receives an operation for changing a condition for the phase analysis, when the condition reception unit has received the operation for changing the condition, the phase analysis unit performing phase analysis under the changed condition, the display control unit displaying on a second screen the results of the phase analysis performed under the changed condition and when a predetermined operation has been performed, the display control unit reflecting on the first screen the results of the phase analysis displayed on the second screen.

A phase analyzer includes a data acquisition unit that acquires spectrum imaging data in which a position on a sample is associated with a spectrum of a signal from the sample; a candidate determination unit that performs multivariate analysis on the spectrum imaging data to determine candidates for the number of phases; a phase analysis unit that creates, for each of the candidates, a phase map group including a number of phase maps corresponding to the number of phases; and a display control unit that causes a display unit to display, for each of the candidates, the phase map group.

A metrology method for use in determining one or more parameters of a patterned structure, the method including providing raw measured TEM image data, TEM.sub.meas, data indicative of a TEM measurement mode, and predetermined simulated TEM image data including data indicative of one or more simulated TEM images of a structure similar to the patterned structure under measurements and a simulated weight map including weights assigned to different regions in the simulated TEM image corresponding to different features of the patterned structure, performing a fitting procedure between the raw measured TEM image data and the predetermined simulated TEM image data and determining one or more parameters of the structure from the simulated TEM image data corresponding to a best fit condition.

An inspection method of a membrane electrode assembly includes a first process of acquiring an X-ray transmission image of the membrane electrode assembly, a second process of identifying a luminance-reduced region having a luminance lower than a luminance of a surrounding region in the X-ray transmission image acquired in the first process, a third process of correcting the luminance of the luminance-reduced region identified in the second process, in accordance with a planar size of the luminance-reduced region, based on a correlation between a planar size of a foreign matter in the membrane electrode assembly and change in luminance due to diffraction of X-rays, and a fourth process of finding a thickness of the foreign matter in the membrane electrode assembly based on the luminance corrected in the third process.

A tomographic method of determining a 3D map of a charge collection efficiency in a charge carrier-separating sample. The method includes positioning the sample in a beam path, scanning the sample to measure the beam induced current and/or voltage for a plurality of locations, assigning a coordinate location for each of the plurality of locations, and applying a tomographic image reconstruction algorithm to generate a 3D map of the charge collection efficiency based on the assigned coordinate locations.