A device and system for ultrafast electron diffraction is disclosed. The electron diffraction device includes an electron source, anode, and magnetic lens. A laser probe pulse interacts with electrons from the electron source to generate an electron probe pulse that passes through the anode and diffracts from a sample yielding a diffraction pattern. Data is configured to be collected at one instance using the diffraction pattern to yield a first snapshot of diffractive information. Snapshots may be merged to produce an atomic stroboscopic motion image history of atomic lattice changes. The electron source may include a gas jet with photo-ionizable noble gas atoms to produce photoionized, spin-polarized electrons to form the electron probe pulse when the laser probe pulse impinges upon the electron source.

An x-ray imaging system comprises an x-ray emitter for emitting a beam of x-ray photons in a projection pattern, a first photon detector, a second photon detector, and an orbital travel assembly. The first photon detector and second photon detector are configured for sensing a first detection pattern of photons and a second detection pattern of photons, respectively, emitted from the x-ray emitter and passing through a portion of the weld. The orbital travel assembly is configured for supporting the x-ray emitter and the first and second photon detectors The second photon detector is positioned behind the first photon detector in a direction of travel along an orbital weld path, such that the second photon detector is configured to sense the second detection pattern after the first photon sensor detects the first detection pattern, in use.

In one embodiment, a sample surface of a biosensor includes pixel areas and holds a plurality of clusters during a sequence of sampling events such that the clusters are distributed unevenly over the pixel areas. In another embodiment, a biosensor has a sample surface that includes pixel areas and an array of wells overlying the pixel areas, the biosensor including two wells and two clusters per pixel area. The two wells per pixel area include a dominant well and a subordinate well. The dominant well has a larger cross section over the pixel area than the subordinate well. In yet another embodiment, an illumination system is coupled to a biosensor that illuminates the pixel areas with different angles of illumination during a sequence of sampling events, including, for a sampling event, illuminating each of the wells with off-axis illumination to produce asymmetrically illuminated well regions in each of the wells.

Disclosed herein is a method, comprising: sending one by one M radiation beams (radiation beams (i), i=1, . . . , M) toward a same scene, M being an integer greater than 1; for i=1, . . . , M, capturing with a same image sensor a partial image (i) of the scene using radiation of the radiation beam (i) after the radiation of the radiation beam (i) passes through the scene; and stitching the partial images (i), i=1, . . . , M of the scene resulting in a stitched image of the scene, wherein said stitching is based on relative positions of the M radiation beams with respect to each other.

A device for base calling is provided. The device includes a receptacle configured to hold a biosensor having a sample surface holding a plurality of clusters during a sequence of sampling events, an array of sensors sensing information from clusters disposed in corresponding pixel areas of the sample surface during the sampling events and generate sequences of pixel signals and a communication port configured to output the sequences of pixel signals. The device also includes a signal processor coupled to the communication port and configured to receive and process at least one pixel signal in the sequences of pixel signals that mixes light gathered from at least two clusters in a corresponding pixel area, and to base call each of the at least two clusters using the at least one pixel signal.

A biosensor for base calling is provided. The biosensor comprises a sampling device, which includes a sample surface that has an array of pixel areas and a solid-state imager that has an array of sensors. Each sensor generates pixel signals in each base calling cycle. Each pixel signal represents light gathered in one base calling cycle from one or more clusters in a corresponding pixel area of the sample surface. The biosensor further comprises a signal processor configured for connection to the sampling device. The signal processor receives and processes the pixel signals from the sensors for base calling in a base calling cycle, and uses the pixel signals from fewer sensors than a number of clusters base called in the base calling cycle. The pixel signals from the fewer sensors include at least one pixel signal representing light gathered from at least two clusters in the corresponding pixel area.

An x-ray imaging system includes an x-ray source and detector. The detector is a photon counting x-ray detector, enabling detection of photon-counting events. The system acquires at least one phase contrast image based on photon-counting events. The detector includes x-ray detector sub-modules, also referred to as wafers, each including detector elements. The sub-modules are oriented in edge-on geometry with their edge directed towards the x-ray source, assuming the x-rays enter through the edge. Each sub-module or wafer has a thickness with two opposite sides of different potentials to enable charge drift towards the side, where the detector elements/pixels, are arranged. The system estimates charge diffusion from a Compton interaction or an interaction through photoeffect related to an incident x-ray photon in a sub-module or wafer of the x-ray detector, and estimates a point of interaction of the x-ray photon sub-module based on the determined estimate of charge diffusion.

There is provided an analytical method capable of generating a high resolution spectrum of X-rays with an intended energy. The analytical method is for use in an analytical apparatus having a diffraction grating for spectrally dispersing X-rays emanating from a sample, an image sensor for detecting the spectrally dispersed X-rays, and an incident angle control mechanism for controlling the incident angle of X-rays impinging on the diffraction grating. The image sensor has a plurality of photosensitive elements arranged in the direction of energy dispersion. The analytical method starts with specifying an energy of X-rays to be acquired. The incident angle is adjusted based on the specified energy to bring the focal plane of the diffraction grating into positional coincidence with those one or ones of the photosensitive elements which detect X-rays having the specified energy.

An X-ray detecting panel for multi signal detection and an X-ray detector thereof are disclosed. In accordance with one embodiment, the X-ray detecting panel for multi signal detection may include a plurality of unit pixels, the unit pixel including: a photodiode for generating an electrical signal by radiated light; and a thin film transistor for processing the electrical signal generated in the photodiode, wherein the unit pixel may include at least two photodiodes or at least two thin film transistors. In accordance with the present embodiment, a plurality of photodiodes is provided in the unit pixel in a single X-ray detector, thus it is possible that an X-ray image is output using a signal output from each photodiode, and multi signals are detected using the single X-ray detector.

Provided is an X-ray imaging panel in which off-leakage current can be suppressed, and a method for producing the same. The imaging panel includes a photoelectric conversion layer (15), a first electrode (14b), and first protection layers (105, 106). The first protection layers (105, 106) cover side surfaces of the photoelectric conversion layer (15), and have openings (105a, 106a) on an inner side with respect to an end of the photoelectric conversion layer (15), above the photoelectric conversion layer (15). The first electrode (14b) is arranged on the first protection layer (106) so as to be in contact with the photoelectric conversion layer (15) in the openings (105a, 106a).