The subject of the invention is the method of detecting and diagnosing the progression of diabetes using Raman spectroscopy which involves the examination of the changes in the composition of urinary extracellular vesicles which confirm the existence of the condition and its progression. The invention can be applied in clinical practice, in particular in the early clinical diagnostics of diabetes and in the monitoring of its progression, in particular diabetic nephropathy and advanced renal impairment caused by diabetes.

Methods and compositions are provided herein for treating type 2 diabetes in a subject, using one or more bacterial strains such as Alistipes sp. HGB5, Atopobium parvulum type strain (IPP 1246), Bacteroides clarus DSM 22519, Butyrivibrio crossotus T9-40 A, Eubacterium hadrum B2-52, Prevotella stercorea CB35, Roseburia inulinivorans A2-194, Ruminococcus sp. 5.1.39BFAA, and Zinderia insecticola CARI.

Methods are described for determining the amount of insulin in a sample. Provided herein are mass spectrometric methods for detecting and quantifying insulin and C-peptide in a biological sample utilizing enrichment and/or purification methods coupled with tandem mass spectrometric or high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometric techniques. Also provided herein are mass spectrometric methods for detecting and quantifying insulin and b-chain in a biological sample utilizing enrichment and/or purification methods coupled with tandem mass spectrometric or high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometric techniques.

Disclosed is the use of a DKK1 gene or the coded protein inhibitor thereof for the preparation of a composition or formulation used to prevent and/or treat tumor cachexia and diseases associated with diabetes. By inhibiting the expression or activity of the DKK1 gene or the protein encoded thereby in tumor cells, which can effectively prevent and/or treat tumor cachexia and diseases associated with diabetes, also provided is a method for detecting the protein expression level of DKK1 in blood, which level is taken as an indicator for precise treatment and judging prognosis.

The present invention provides method for monitoring physiological status of an organ in a subject by monitoring morphological changes over time in transplanted tissue on an eye of the subject.

The invention features compositions and methods treating or preventing for age-related insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and related disorders. The method involves depleting fTreg cells with an anti-ST2 antibody to decrease age-related fTreg accumulation and restore insulin sensitivity, thereby treating age-related insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and related disorders.

The present invention provides compositions and methods for enhancing beta cell maturation, health and function. The invention may be used for increasing insulin secretion in a cell, promoting the formation of cell clusters, or reducing cell death. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods provide a treatment for diabetes. In some embodiments, the composition comprises an agent which increases a β-cell surface protein expression, activity or both.

The present subject matter provides, inter alia, compositions, systems, kits, and methods for diagnosing and treating small vessel diseases (SVDs).

Methods for inhibiting an autoimmune disease by administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition that induces conversion of naive T cells into Foxp3+ regulatory T cells to induce immunosuppression in the subject. Methods for detecting in a subject an autoimmune disease or a predisposition to a autoimmune disease, and methods for assessing the efficacy of a therapy for an autoimmune disease, particularly type 1 diabetes.

Methods of quantifying a N.sup.2-(1-carboxyethyl)-2′-deoxyguanosine (CEdG) levels in biological samples and comparing those levels to known normal levels can diagnose a number of metabolic disorders or complications associated therewith, including diabetes, its associated complications, and cancer. Methods can also determine whether therapies for disorders are effective by measuring CEdG levels before and after treatment. Measurement of CEdG levels is achieved by using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.