Provided are methods for determining the amount of thyroglobulin in a sample using various purification steps followed by mass spectrometry. The methods generally involve purifying thyroglobulin in a test sample, digesting thyroglobulin to form peptide T129, purifying peptide T129, ionizing peptide T129, detecting the amount of peptide T129 ion generated, and relating the amount of peptide T129 ion to the amount of thyroglobulin originally present in the sample.

A method for identifying a patient that is at risk for developing a thyroid disorder that occurs subsequent to treatment with a regimen that depletes lymphocytes, comprising determining whether antibodies directed against thyroid peroxidase or thyroid microsomes are present in the patient, wherein if the antibodies are present in the patient then the patient is at increased risk for developing a thyroid disorder. A particular embodiment is a method for identifying a patient with multiple sclerosis that is at risk for developing a thyroid disorder that occurs subsequent to treatment with a regimen that depletes CD52-positive cells, comprising determining whether antibodies directed against thyroid peroxidase or thyroid microsomes are present in the patient, wherein if the antibodies are present in the patient then the patient is at risk for developing the thyroid disorder.

The disclosure pertains to antibodies and binding fragments thereof that specifically binds all or part of EHAEVVFTA. Also provided are isolated peptides, isolated nucleic acids, immunogens, compositions, immunoassays and kits and method of using said reagents to detect misfolded TTR.

Methods for diagnosing, treating, and preventing catabolism-related vitamin D deficiency and related disorders, related compositions, apparatus and kits, are disclosed. A method involves measuring CYP24 expression and/or activity, or a proxy thereof such as FGF23 level, in a patient and correlating abnormally elevated CYP24 expression and/or activity with catabolism-related vitamin D deficiency or with susceptibility for catabolism-related vitamin D deficiency. In response to abnormally elevated CYP24 expression and/or activity, the method further includes administering a CYP24 inhibitor to the vitamin D deficient or at-risk patient, and preferably avoiding activation of the vitamin D binding receptor, such as by avoiding administration of active vitamin D compounds to such patients. Optionally, a vitamin D prohormone or prohormone can be administered.

Provided are methods for determining the amount of thyroglobulin in a sample using various purification steps followed by mass spectrometry. The methods generally involve purifying thyroglobulin in a test sample, digesting thyroglobulin to form peptide T129, purifying peptide T129, ionizing peptide T129, detecting the amount of peptide T129 ion generated, and relating the amount of peptide T129 ion to the amount of thyroglobulin originally present in the sample.

The disclosure pertains to antibodies and binding fragments thereof that specifically binds all or part of EHAEVVFTA. Also provided are isolated peptides, isolated nucleic acids, immunogens, compositions, immunoassays and kits and method of using said reagents to detect misfolded TTR.

Compositions comprising a first polypeptide comprising a first fragment of an N-terminal extracellular domain of TSHR or an analog or derivative thereof and a dimerization domain and a second polypeptide comprising a second fragment of an N-terminal extracellular domain of TSHR or an analog or derivative thereof and a dimerization domain are provided. Polypeptides comprising fragments of an N-terminal extracellular domain of TSHR comprising at least one mutation that increases solubility, decreases aggregation or both are also provided. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the composition, polypeptide, nucleic acid systems and molecules encoding the polypeptides of the composition and invention and methods of treatment and determining suitability for treatment using the compositions or polypeptides; as well as methods of producing the compositions or proteins are also provided.

Described is a method for differentiating destructive thyroiditis, including measuring at least one of monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine in a sample.