A method of treating and monitoring patient diagnosed with Autistic Spectrum disorder or Fragile X syndrome comprising measuring plasma biomarker levels of BDNF, sAPP, and sAPP alpha and adjusting the amount of a therapeutic compound according to the plasma levels of BDNF, sAPP and sAPPs. In one embodiment, the therapeutic compound is acamprosate.

The present invention aims to provide methods to detect cognitive impairment including mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease by using a protein or its partial peptide that differs in presence or absence, or in quantity between non-cognitive impairment and patients with cognitive impairment and further aims to present biomarkers comprising said protein and said partial peptide to be used to detect cognitive impairment including Alzheimer disease or mild cognitive impairment. Specifically, a biomarker for diagnosis of psychiatry disease or cognitive impairment comprising protein fragment or peptide of not less than 5 amino acid residues arising from at least one protein or peptide selected from the group of proteins consisting of amino acid sequence expressed by SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, and 25 and selected from the group of partial peptide in these proteins consisting of amino acid sequence expressed by SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, and 27. And further aims to provide diagnostic method using these biomarker.

Methods for modifying neuronal functional activity and/or treating a neurological disorder by using agents that raise neuronal intracellular concentration of magnesium are disclosed. Also provided herein are methods of determining the amenability of an individual to treatment for a neurological disorder, by measuring changes in intracellular magnesium concentration.

Described herein are methods, systems and compositions for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Also described are methods, systems and compositions to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In various embodiments levels of PACAP and/or SIRT3 are analyzed for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

The present disclosure provides compounds and methods useful in the treatment of neurological disorders. The compounds of the invention, alone or in combination with other pharmaceutically active agents, can be used for treating or preventing neurological disorders.

A method of detecting the presence of alpha-synuclein aggregation in a biological sample is provided whereby a biological sample is mixed with a reaction sample comprising a population of beads, a fluorophore adapted to bind to protein aggregates and to increase fluorescence when bound to protein aggregates, and alpha-synuclein or a fragment or variant thereof to form a reaction mixture, the reaction mixture is illuminated and at the same time incubated with intermittent agitation cycles, wherein a significant increase in the fluorescence of the reaction mixture during incubation is indicative of the presence of aggregates of alpha-synuclein in the biological sample. Method of diagnosing alpha-synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease or Dementia with Lewy Bodies.

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to the analysis and identification of global metabolic changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). More particularly, the present disclosure provides materials and methods relating to the use of metabolomics as a biochemical approach to identify peripheral metabolic changes in AD patients and correlate them to cerebrospinal fluid pathology markers, imaging features, and cognitive performance. Defining metabolic changes during AD disease trajectory and their relationship to clinical phenotypes provides a powerful roadmap for drug and biomarker discovery.

Certain embodiments are directed to marker peptides or marker peptide antibodies can be used in producing diagnostic kits or used in diagnostic methods for Alzheimer's disease. The antibodies and/or marker peptides can be used in immunohistochemical and biochemical methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis of marker peptide levels and/or localization in brain samples and CSF samples.

A method for diagnosing mild cognitive impairment according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes obtaining a sample from a subject to be diagnosed, and measuring a level of tonicity-responsible enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) in the sample by using TonEBP antibody to determine if the measured level of the TonEBP is above a predetermined level. The measuring may further includes measuring a level of lipocalin-2 (LCN2) in the sample by using LCN2 antibody to determine if the measured level of the LCN2 is above a predetermined level.

Various embodiments provide a multi-faceted algorithm tool would impact the burden of disease through improvements to clinical practice and by hastening the development of novel therapeutic treatments. In addition, the multi-faceted algorithm tool provides evidence of target engagement in clinical trials and accelerates progress towards disease modification.