The present invention concerns machine learning based methods and systems for diagnosing and treating genetic diseases characterized by mitochondrial dysfunctions. A library of reference learning models is developed based on in vitro reference samples obtained from cell-cultures exposed to specific mitochondrial inhibitors. Each model is able to predict a specific labeled mitochondrial dysfunction induced in the cell-culture by the inhibitor/stressor. The reference models are then applied to target samples drawn in vivo from target subjects who are known to have specific genetic mitochondrial diseases. A mapping is developed between mitochondrial dysfunctions predicted in the subjects and their known mitochondrial diseases. This mapping and the reference models are then applied to a clinical sample of an undiagnosed patient in whom a diagnosis of a mitochondrial dysfunction and an associated mitochondrial disease is made. If there is a known rescuer for the mitochondrial dysfunction, it may be recommended in a personalized, targeted therapy.

The present invention relates generally to the field of biomarkers. The biomarker identified in the present invention is phenol. For example, the present invention relates to the use of phenol as a biomarker for detecting and/or quantifying mood disorder, improvements of the mood disorder status and/or the resulting emotional reaction of a subject. Embodiments of the resent invention relate to a method of detecting and/or quantifying mood disorder, improvements of the mood disorder status and/or the resulting emotional reaction of a subject, comprising determining the level of phenol in a body sample obtained from a subject to be tested, and comparing the subject's phenol level to a predetermined reference value, wherein a decreased phenol level in the sample compared to the predetermined reference value indicates an improvement of the mood disorder status and/or the resulting emotional reaction of the subject.

The present invention relates generally to the field of biomarkers. The biomarker identified in the present invention is 2-methylbutyrate. For example, the present invention relates to the use of 2-methylbutyrate as a biomarker for detecting and/or quantifying mood disorder and improvements of the mood disorder status and/or the resulting emotional reaction of a subject. Embodiments of the resent invention relate to a method of detecting and/or quantifying mood disorders, improvements of the mood disorder status and/or the resulting emotional reaction of a subject, comprising determining the level of 2-methylbutyrate in a body sample obtained from a subject to be tested, and comparing the subject's 2-methylbutyrate level to a predetermined reference value, wherein an increased 2-methylbutyrate level in the sample compared to the predetermined reference value indicates an improvement of the mood disorder status and/or the resulting emotional reaction of the subject.

The present invention provides, inter alia, methods for treating or ameliorating the effects of a disorder, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, by increasing or decreasing proline levels. Further provided are methods of predicting and monitoring the clinical response in a patient, and diagnostic systems for identifying a patient likely to benefit from proline modulation.

The present invention relates to a vasopressin receptor 1B (V.sub.1B) antagonist for use in the treatment of depressive symptoms and/or anxiety symptoms in patients showing an elevated arginine vasopressin (AVP) level and/or an elevated copeptin level. The present invention further relates to a method for predicting the treatment response to a V.sub.1B antagonist in patients with depressive symptoms and/or anxiety symptoms.

Disclosed are a protein and a gene each of which is a factor involved in latent infection with a herpesvirus. An antibody against the factor was detected in approximately 50% of patients suffering from mental disorders, whereas the antibody was hardly detected in healthy persons. Further, a mouse having SITH-1 introduced therein developed a mental disorder such as a manic-depressive illness or depression-like disorder. Based on these findings, it is possible to provide a method for objectively determining a mental disorder and an animal model of a mental disorder.

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical combinations and compositions, and methods of using the same for treatment of Bipolar Disorder (BD). More specifically, the invention relates to combination therapies for the treatment of BD, and methods for treating BD using such therapies. The present invention also relates to methods of determining an optimal combination drug treatment therapy for BD, methods of optimizing a combination drug treatment therapy for BD, methods of optimizing dosage of a drug in a combination drug treatment therapy for BD, as well as methods for monitoring the efficacy of a combination therapy for the treatment of BD. The present invention involves analyzing the membrane potential of cells isolated from a BD patient treated with the combination therapy, and calculating a membrane potential ratio therefrom.

Provided is a means for detecting a subject with mild cognitive impairment or assisting in the detection thereof.

A biomarker for testing for mild cognitive impairment, comprising Claudin-5.

The present invention provides methods to modulate key elements along the DAG signaling pathway as well as a diagnostic assay, device and methods of using the same to diagnose bipolar disorder (BD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods to identify diagnostic markers and drug targets for BD and ADHD. Methods of identifying effective compounds responsible for membrane potentials and excitabilities influencing bipolar disorder (BD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods of identifying an effective compound that modulates the activity of Ca.sup.2+/CaM enzyme and compounds involved in changing the K.sup.+ gradient across the plasma membrane thereby increasing or decreasing the membrane potential ratio (MPR) values. The invention provides methods of identifying a compound that modulates the activity of PKC which is an important protein of the DAG signaling pathway. Methods of identifying a compound that modulates DAG and its related enzymes along the DAG signaling pathway are provided. These compounds decrease or increase the membrane potential ratio (MPR) in BD and ADHD patients.

A method for determining neurotransmitter levels and/or neurotransmitter receptor sensitivity in an individual, comprising: determining a taste recognition profile of the individual for at least one taste modality prior and subsequent to the administration of a pharmaceutical for increasing neurotransmission; comparing the taste recognition profiles to determine a change; and comparing that change with corresponding measurements from a comparative database to determine neurotransmitter levels and/or neurotransmitter receptor sensitivity in the individual. In addition, a sample of a taste modality is provided for use in a method of diagnosis of a psychiatric, neurological, psychosomatic or physical disorder in an individual.