Techniques for a chamber, such as gas turbine engine (100), surrounding a heated fluid include a sensor (150) mounted in a first wall (228b, 229b) of the chamber to detect phenomenon inside the chamber and a processor (702). The processor is in electrical communication with the sensor and is configured to receive first data, determine a first temperature of the first wall, determine a current path length, determine properties of the fluid flow, and operate a device based on the properties. First data indicates a value of the phenomenon along a path between the first wall and a different wall of the chamber. The current path length (268b) is based on a nominal path length (268a) and thermal expansion of the first wall due to the first temperature. The property of fluid flow in the chamber is based on the first data and the current path length.

A measuring tube for a flow measuring device, wherein the measuring tube has a measuring tube axis A and a measuring tube wall. The measuring tube has a branch with a branch axis B and a wall of the branch, wherein the wall of the branch is arranged on the measuring tube wall, and the wall of the branch is connected with the measuring tube wall by a welded joint. In the transitional region between the wall of the branch and the measuring tube wall there is a specially embodied thickening of the material, which is either part of the wall of the branch or part of the measuring tube wall.

A gases humidification system includes a measuring chamber and a mixing chamber. The mixing chamber has one or more mixing elements that improve a mixing of gases before reaching the measuring chamber. Ultrasonic sensing is used to measure gases properties or characteristics within the measuring chamber. A baffle or a vane may be used to control and direct the gases flow through the mixing chamber as the gases flow moves into the measuring chamber.

According the present invention, air velocity and speed of sound which can be used to estimate air temperature can be measured from a sonic anemometer system attached to an airborne platform. Using multiple sonic emitters and receivers coupled to an assembly attached to an airborne platform where the atmosphere is free to pass through the volume between the acoustic elements, air data products can be estimated from the acoustic transit time between acoustic emitters and receivers for use in an airborne data system. The measurement method has high update rates and is resilient against acoustic noise and icing conditions making it a robust sensing platform for use on aircraft.

A measurement method for measuring the temperature of water in a meter includes the steps of: causing an emitter transducer of the meter to emit an ultrasonic measurement signal, and acquiring an electrical measurement signal produced by a receiver transducer of the meter; measuring a speed of the ultrasonic measurement signal in the water and a level of the electrical measurement signal; using the level of the electrical measurement signal to determine whether the temperature of the water is less than or greater than an inflection temperature corresponding to a point of inflection; estimating the temperature of the water from the speed of the ultrasonic measurement signal by using a first formula if the temperature of the water is less than the inflection temperature, and by using a second formula if the temperature of the water is greater than the inflection temperature.

This application provides a wind velocity measurement apparatus for an aircraft. The wind velocity measurement apparatus for an aircraft includes an aircraft attitude obtaining apparatus, an ultrasonic or laser wind measurement apparatus, an attitude adjustment apparatus, an aircraft parameter obtaining apparatus, and a control apparatus. The ultrasonic or laser wind measurement apparatus is configured to measure a relative wind angle. The aircraft parameter obtaining apparatus is configured to obtain a ground velocity and a set course angle of an aircraft. The control apparatus is capable of adjusting, based on an attitude of the aircraft, an attitude of the ultrasonic or laser wind measurement apparatus via the attitude adjustment apparatus until a transmit end and a receive end of the ultrasonic or laser wind measurement apparatus are both kept horizontal. This application further provides a corresponding wind velocity measuring method for an aircraft, and a greenhouse gas detection apparatus.

According the present invention, air velocity and speed of sound which can be used to estimate air temperature can be measured from a sonic anemometer system attached to an airborne platform. Using multiple sonic emitters and receivers coupled to an assembly attached to an airborne platform where the atmosphere is free to pass through the volume between the acoustic elements, air data products can be estimated from the acoustic transit time between acoustic emitters and receivers for use in an airborne data system. The measurement method has high update rates and is resilient against acoustic noise and icing conditions making it a robust sensing platform for use on aircraft.

In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, a flow meter for determining a velocity of a fluid is provided. In some embodiments, the flow meter comprises a single-die steerable transducer array, a first duct defining a first channel and having first and second reflectors at each respective end, a second duct defining a second channel and having first and second reflectors at each respective end, and a controller configured to direct the transducer array to transmit forward and backward ultrasound signals through each duct, calculate a time of flight (ToF) of each ultrasound signal, calculate a velocity of the fluid in a first dimension using the ToF for the ultrasound signals through the first duct, and calculate a velocity of the fluid in a second dimension using the ToF for the ultrasound signals through the second duct.

A system includes a fluid source storing a fluid and a fluid line coupled to the fluid source and configured to pass the fluid therethrough. The system includes a bubble detector coupled to the fluid line downstream of the fluid source, the bubble detector configured to detect bubbles present in the fluid and to generate a bubble detection signal. The system also includes a valve coupled to the fluid line downstream of the fluid source, the valve configured to switch between a first configuration and a second configuration, where in the first configuration the valve directs the fluid through the fluid line and in the second configuration the valve directs the fluid through a drain line. The system further includes a controller coupled to the bubble detector and the valve, the controller configured to receive the bubble detection signal and to control the valve based on the bubble detection signal.