Chemical linkage reagents, methods of making and method of using the same are provided. Chemical linkage reagents according to at least some of the embodiments of the present disclosure may be incorporated into or operatively-linked with affinity molecules for attachment to silicon oxide surfaces to, for example, measure interactions between an affinity molecule and its targeting biomolecules.

Methods, systems, and devices are described which facilitate mechanosynthesis through the sequential use of a plurality of tips, each of which may have a different affinity for feedstock, thereby allowing tip to tip transfers which enhance system versatility and reduce equipment complexity.

Methods, systems, and devices are described which facilitate mechanosynthesis through the sequential use of a plurality of tips, each of which may have a different affinity for feedstock, thereby allowing tip to tip transfers which enhance system versatility and reduce equipment complexity.

A method is provided for fabricating a substrate comprising on its surface one or more scanning probe microscopy tips, the method including: a) underetching beneath one or more hardmasks, each having rotational symmetry, present on a substrate, thereby forming a corresponding number of pre-tip structures having an upper part, a lower part, and a neck region linking the upper part to the lower part; b) then, etching the substrate underneath each pre-tip structure in a vertical manner using the respective hardmask as an etching mask, thereby forming a pedestal beneath the lower part of each pre-tip structure; c) then, selectively removing the hardmask from each structure; d) then, thinning down the neck until the upper part is physically detached from the lower part, thereby forming the substrate comprising on its surface the one or more scanning probe microscopy tips.