Arrangements are disclosed for measuring small electrical currents with high sensitivity, for example in the context of sensing molecular entities, for example via interactions between the molecular entities and a membrane protein inserted in an amphiphilic membrane. In one arrangement there is provided a current sensing circuit (52) configured to integrate the current output by a sensor element (56) during each of a plurality of sensing frames (62). In each sensing frame (62) first and second analogue samples of the integral are taken during first and second time windows (71,72). A readout circuit (54) processes the first and second analogue samples to output a digital output signal representing the current output by the sensor element (56). The processing comprises analogue to digital conversion processing and output processing. The output processing is performed exclusively during periods outside of the first and second time windows.

A method and authenticator for authenticating a device in a system using the electrical properties of the device is disclosed. Embodiments of the disclosure enable authentication by receiving a plurality of input seed values from a requestor. For each input seed value, load stimuli are generated to produce an electrical load sequence on a power delivery network powering at least part of the system. Noise induced in the power delivery network is measured in response to the electrical load sequence using one or more sensors located on the power delivery network. Based on the measured noise, a dynamic response property (magnitude and phase response as a function of frequency) of the power delivery network corresponding to a respective input seed value can be determined and returned to the requestor.

An apparatus and method for detecting transient voltage at an electrical component of a circuit board is provided. The apparatus including a circuit including a comparator and a latch, wherein a first input of the comparator is electrically coupled to the electrical component, and the comparator receives a threshold voltage at a second input, where the comparator outputs either a high signal or a low signal in response to both the first input and the second input, and an output of the comparator is electrically coupled to an input of the latch such that the latch outputs a high signal in response to receiving a high signal from the comparator, and an indicator electrically coupled to an output of the latch, and where the apparatus is mounted non-permanently to the circuit board to provide a non-permanent electrical coupling between the comparator and the electrical component.

A method, comprises: receiving measured air pressure data from each air data probe on a vehicle; receiving a first set of data from at least one sensor system on the vehicle; determining predicted noise levels for each air data probe using a noise modelling system and the received first set of data; determining a transmission loss for each air data probe; determining if any air data probe is faulty by determining if an transmission loss of any of the air data probes is greater than a first threshold value, where an air data probe is deemed faulty if its transmission loss is greater than the first threshold value; and if the transmission loss of any of the air data probes is greater than the first threshold value, then generating a signal to indicated that at least one air data probe is faulty.

A sensing circuit includes a signal source circuit and a transient circuit. The signal source circuit provides a signal to the sensor via a conductor. When the sensor is exposed to a condition and is receiving the signal, an electrical characteristic of the sensor affects the signal, which is interpreted by the signal source circuit. When the sensing circuit is in a noisy environment, transient noise couples with the signal to produce a noisy signal. The transient circuit compares the noisy signal with a representation of the noisy signal. When the noisy signal compares unfavorably with the representation of the noisy signal, the transient circuit supplies a compensation signal to the conductor. The level of the compensation signal corresponds to a level at which the noisy signal compares unfavorably with the representation of the noisy signal.

The present invention provides a distribution board having a main breaker and a plurality of branch breakers, the distribution board being wired to branch power supplied to the main breaker into each branch breaker, the distribution board including: a plurality of noise detection sections configured to correspond to the respective branch breakers one-to-one and each configured to output a detection signal based on a noise component of not less than a predetermined frequency generated on a secondary side of each branch breaker; and processor configured to separately receive the detection signal output from each noise detection section and determine whether the detection signal is high frequency noise at a threshold or more.

Provided is a current measuring device for measuring current, including a conductor adapted to pass current therethrough, a circuit board with a wire, the wire being adapted to extract a voltage signal from the conductor, a cover member adapted to house the circuit board, first fixing means provided on the cover member, and second fixing means fixed in combination with the first fixing means, in which the conductor is mounted between the first fixing means and the second fixing means.

A voltage monitoring circuit monitors a magnitude relationship between a monitoring target voltage and a determination voltage and is capable of suppressing the influence of an offset of a reference voltage upon the determination voltage and setting the determination voltage as desired.

The voltage monitoring circuit includes: an input terminal, applied with a monitoring target voltage or a divided voltage of the monitoring target voltage; a reference voltage generating circuit, generating a first reference voltage; a linear power circuit, converting the first reference voltage to a second reference voltage; a feedback resistor, generating a divided voltage of the second reference voltage, and negatively feeding back the divided voltage of the second reference voltage to the linear power circuit; and a comparing portion, comparing the second reference voltage with the monitoring target voltage or the divided voltage of the monitoring target voltage applied to the input terminal.

A sense circuit for a piezoresistive sensor is provided that comprises: an energy storage circuit coupled to the piezoresistive sensor via a first node; a charge control circuit coupled to the first node and configured to charge the energy storage circuit to a predetermined potential; a discharge control circuit configured to allow the energy storage circuit to discharge through the piezoresistive sensor; and a readout circuit coupled to the first node and configured to output a sensed voltage based on a level of charges stored by the energy storage circuit.

Differential sampling circuits may be adversely affected by changes in common mode voltage. Changes in the common mode voltage may alter the on resistance of transistor switches which it turn may mean that small signal changes are not correctly observed against a bigger common mode signal. The present disclosure relates to a way of improving the ability to resolve small differential signal changes by varying the supply or drive voltage to a component to compensate for common mode voltage changes.