A system to detect a status of a switching semiconductor in a switching circuit is provided. The system includes the switching semiconductor, an actuator, wherein the actuator is electrically coupled to a first end of the switching semiconductor, a resistor electrically coupled to a second end of the switching semiconductor, a switching device electrically coupled to the resistor, a detector connected to a collector terminal of the bi-polar junction transistor, and a processor. The processor is configured to provide a trigger voltage to the switching semiconductor, wherein the trigger voltage activates the switching semiconductor and induces current flow from the actuator through the resistor via the switching semiconductor. The processor activates the switching device, based on the activated switching semiconductor and detects a voltage at a collector terminal of the switching device. The processor determines the status of the switching semiconductor based on the detected voltage.

Determination of gauge of a conductive wire includes determining capacitive coupling between the conductive wire and a conductive sense component that is positioned in non-contacting proximity with the conductive wire. The gauge of the conductive wire is then determined based on the determined capacitive coupling.

[Problem] To implement a negative voltage monitoring circuit with high accuracy.

[Solution] A negative voltage monitoring circuit includes a first voltage-dividing circuit, a first amplifier circuit, a second amplifier circuit, and an error determination circuit. The first voltage-dividing circuit divides a power supply voltage and outputs a first voltage. The first amplifier circuit is configured such that the first voltage is inputted to a noninverting input terminal and an output voltage is subjected to negative feedback. The second amplifier circuit is configured such that a second voltage is inputted to the noninverting input terminal, the second voltage being obtained by dividing a potential difference between the power supply voltage and a voltage to be monitored, the voltage being applied to an anode of a light receiving element, and an output voltage is subjected to negative feedback. The error determination circuit outputs an error signal on the basis of a difference between the output of the first amplifier circuit and the output of the second amplifier circuit.

An electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes a housing, a first printed circuit board disposed inside the housing and including a first antenna, a first connector connected to the first antenna, a second antenna, and a second connector connected to the second antenna, memory storing one or more computer programs, a second printed circuit board spaced apart from the first printed circuit board inside the housing and including a power management circuit, a third connector electrically connected to the first connector, a fourth connector electrically connected to the second connector, a first detection circuit, and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the first detection circuit and the memory, a first cable electrically connecting the first connector and the third connector, and a second cable electrically connecting the second connector and the fourth connector, wherein the first detection circuit includes a first resistor disposed between the one or more processors and the power management circuit, and the first printed circuit board includes a second resistor branched between the first antenna and the first connector and electrically connected to the ground, and a third resistor branched between the second antenna and the second connector and electrically connected to the ground.

A measuring unit for a target member is adapted to be submerged into a body of water. The measuring unit has a connector adapted to be in electrically conducting contact with the target member, at least a portion of the connector being in fluid communication with the environment ambient of the measuring unit; a reference electrode at least a portion of which being in fluid communication with the environment ambient of the measuring unit; a voltmeter electrically connected to each one of the connector and the reference electrode whereby the voltmeter is adapted to determine a potential difference value indicative of a potential difference between the connector and the reference electrode, and a consumer assembly adapted to consume electric energy.

A dual differential contactless current sensor uses a pair of magnetic sensors placed adjacent to a conductor, such as a metallic trace on a printed circuit board, which is conducting electrical current. The ability to detect and measure a tampering magnetic field in such a sensor is provided by a circuit that sums the outputs of the pair of magnetic sensors. The circuit can output an alarm signal, such as a programmable one-bit alarm that indicates when the external magnetic field exceeds a programmed threshold, or an analog voltage proportional to the external field. The alarm signal can be polled by additional circuitry that indicates to the stakeholders that a party is attempting to alter the power measurement.

A power indicator for extension cords has a male connector at a first end and a female receptacle at a second end, a transformer interposed between, and electrically coupled to, the male connector and female receptacle, the transformer configured to read a load on a circuit and illuminate at least one LED when the load is above a predetermined threshold, indicating that a block heater or other device is drawing power. When connected to an engine block heater, a user can confirm that the block heater is drawing power by the indication of the LED.

A measurement device for measuring a photocathode current of a photomultiplier tube, the measurement device includes: (a) a voltage amplifier configured to amplify a shunt resistor voltage proportional to the photocathode current; (b) a leakage tolerant circuit configured to generate a first leakage tolerant voltage, based on a first amplified voltage and a first reference voltage having an absolute value that exceeds an absolute value of a leakage associated with the measurement device; (c) a voltage to current transducer that is configured to convert the first leakage tolerant voltage to a first leakage tolerant current; and (d) an output unit that is configured to convert the first leakage tolerant current to an output voltage that is indicative of the photocathode current.

The application relates to co-packaged controlled overcurrent handling of a power switch assembly. The power switch assembly includes a power switch and an overcurrent handling logic. The overcurrent handling logic includes an overcurrent detection circuit configured to detect an overcurrent condition of a load current of the power switch and to provide an overcurrent detection signal indicative of an overcurrent condition of the load current of the power switch and a discharge current generation circuit coupled to the overcurrent detection circuit, and configured to generate a discharge current to at least partially discharge a control terminal of the power switch responsive to the overcurrent detection signal.