The invention relates to a novel approach for the protection of electrical circuits from ground faults and parallel and series arc faults in a fully solid-state circuit configuration. Solid-state circuits and methods of use are described that provide the key functions of low-voltage DC power supply, mains voltage and current sensing, fault detection processing and high voltage electronic switching.

In some examples, an electrical power system includes a solid state power converter including a first set of switches on a source side of the solid state power converter and a second set of switches on a load side of the solid state power converter. The electrical power system also includes a power source connected to the source side of the solid state power converter and also includes a differential bus connected to the load side of the solid state power converter. The electrical power system further includes a controller configured to receive a first signal indicating a current at the source side and receive a second signal indicating a current at the load side. The controller is further configured to detect, based on a time derivative of the first signal and a time derivative of the second signal, a fault in the electrical power system.

A method and apparatus for determining a reference voltage id disclosed. The method may include: reading data from a first flash memory page by using different reference voltages, and taking, as a first target reference voltage, one of the different reference voltages at which the first number of erroneous bits of the data that is read reaches a converegence value. The first flash memory page is any one of multiple flash memory pages of a flash memory block to be tested. The method may include adjusting the first target reference voltage to obtain second target reference voltages; and reading data from the flash memory pages by using the second target referece voltages, and taking, as a target reference voltage, one of the second target reference voltages at which the second number of erroneous bits of the data that is read is the smallest.

An Integrated Circuit (IC) includes functional circuitry and attack-protection circuitry (APC). The functional circuitry is to receive a supply voltage from a power-supply input. The APC is coupled to the power-supply input and includes a front-end circuit and an averaging circuit. The front-end circuit is to compare the supply voltage to a plurality of voltage thresholds, and to output a respective plurality of indications that indicate whether the supply voltage violates the respective voltage thresholds. The averaging circuit is to estimate, for a selected subset of the indications, respective duty-cycles at which the indications in the subset exceed the respective voltage thresholds. The APC is to trigger one or more attack detection events in response to the indications and the duty-cycles.

A signal measuring apparatus comprising: signal circuitry configured to receive an input signal to be measured; and memory circuitry coupled to the signal circuitry and configured to store information representing a magnitude of a voltage or a current of the input signal; wherein the memory circuitry comprises a first memory cell having a material which is arranged to switch from a first material state to a second material state in response to a first switching signal being applied thereto, wherein the first memory cell is tuned to a first value for the first switching signal so that a current or voltage with a magnitude at or above the first value will cause the material of the first memory cell to switch from the first material state to second material state; wherein the apparatus is configured to apply a measurement signal indicative of the input signal to the first memory cell for switching the material of the first memory cell from the first material state to the second material state in dependence on a magnitude of the voltage or current of the measurement signal.

The invention relates to a mobile, in particular portable, pin pulling device for pulling/inserting pins for connecting components of a construction machine, in particular of a crane, wherein the pin pulling device is designed in compact construction and has at least one electric drive having a rechargeable battery and a linear actuator drivable by the drive to move at least one pin.

According to various embodiments, a sensor device may comprise: an energy harvester configured to generate electrical energy; an energy storage circuit configured to store the generated electrical energy; a monitoring circuit; a sensor; a communication circuit; and at least one processor, wherein the at least one processor is configured to identify a voltage of the energy storage circuit through the monitoring circuit, operate in a first mode in response to identification that the voltage is equal to or lower than a threshold value, operate in a second mode which consumes more power than the first mode, in response to identification that the voltage exceeds the threshold value, acquire a sensing value through the sensor according to a sensing scheme corresponding to one of the first mode and the second mode, and control the communication circuit to transmit the voltage and the sensing value to another electronic device according to the communication scheme corresponding to one of the first mode and the second mode. Various other embodiments are possible.

A trans-inductor voltage regulator with fault detection has a plurality of transformers. Each transformer of the plurality of the transformers has a primary winding coupled to a switching circuit, and a secondary winding. Each secondary winding of each transformer of the plurality of transformers are coupled in series with a compensation inductor. The trans-inductor further has a controller operable to detect a) a short condition in a secondary side of each transformer of the plurality of transformers, b) a short condition between a primary side and the secondary side of each transformer of the plurality of transformers; c) an open condition in the primary side of each transformer of the plurality of transformers; and d) an open condition in the secondary side of each transformer of the plurality of transformers.

A method for operating a sensor for detecting particles in a measuring gas. The sensor includes a sensor element having an electrically insulating element substrate, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The first electrode and the second electrode is situated at the electrically insulating element. The first electrode and the second electrode carry out a current and/or voltage measurement. The sensor is operated in at least one measuring phase during which a first voltage is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode. A second voltage is applied to the first and second electrode during a predetermined time period outside the measuring phase, the second voltage being lower than a decomposition voltage for water. The presence of water on the sensor element is inferred if the current and/or voltage measurement, with the second voltage being applied, yields a value which exceeds a threshold value for an electric current.

A power detection circuit is provided. The power detection circuit includes a comparator circuit operative to generate an output signal in response to an input signal. The output signal is configured to change from a first value to a second value in response to the input signal attaining a first threshold value. The output signal is configured to change from the second value to the first value in response to the input signal subsequently attaining a second threshold value. A current limiting circuit is connected to the comparator circuit and operative to limit a leakage current of the comparator circuit.