A transformer fault detection, where the transformer includes a primary winding coupled to a medium voltage power line and a secondary winding providing a stepped down voltage of the medium voltage. The detection system includes a switching device, where the switching device includes a first voltage measuring device for measuring the voltage on the primary winding, a controller for processing measured voltages and a transceiver for receiving and transmitting messages. The detection system also includes a second voltage measuring device for measuring the stepped down voltage on the secondary winding, where the second voltage measuring device includes a transmitter for transmitting the measured step down voltage to the switching device. The controller uses the measured voltages to calculate a transformer turns ratio (TTR) of the transformer to determine whether a transformer fault.

A voltage supervisor includes a first transistor coupled between a first supply voltage and a second supply voltage. The voltage supervisor includes a second transistor coupled between the first supply voltage and the second supply voltage. The voltage supervisor is configured to provide a first current proportional to a difference in gate-to-source voltages of the first transistor and the second transistor. The voltage supervisor is also configured to provide a second current proportional to a difference in the first supply voltage and the difference in gate-to-source voltages of the first transistor and the second transistor. The voltage supervisor is configured to compare the first current to the second current to determine a voltage value that changes a state responsive to the first supply voltage crossing a threshold.

The present disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for determining a reference voltage. The method may comprise: reading data from a first flash memory page by using a plurality of different reference voltages, and taking, as a first target reference voltage, one of the plurality of different reference voltages at which the first number of erroneous bits of the data that is read reaches a convergence value, wherein the first flash memory page is any one of a plurality of flash memory pages of a flash memory block to be tested; adjusting the first target reference voltage to obtain a plurality of second target reference voltages; and reading data from the plurality of flash memory pages of the flash memory block by using the plurality of second target reference voltages, and taking, as a target reference voltage, one of the plurality of second target reference voltages at which the second number of erroneous bits of the data that is read is the smallest. By the method, the present disclosure can determine a current actual reference voltage of a flash memory block, thereby the flash memory block may operate normally and the data may be accurately read.

An electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes a panel, a detection system, and a test loop. The test loop is electrically connected to the panel and the detection system. The detection system includes a detection unit and a controller. The detection unit detects a signal transmitted by the test loop, and provides a detection result to the controller.

A current sensor is for determining the level of the current of a conductor of a low-voltage circuit. In an embodiment, it includes a current transformer including a magnetic core. The magnetic core is an annular core having a core inner diameter, a middle diameter and a core outer diameter. The annular core is wound with a secondary winding, including an inner opening with an inner diameter and an outer circumference with an outer diameter. The secondary winding supplies the circuit with electrical energy. The wound annular core is configured such that the difference between the middle diameter as the minuend and the inner diameter as the subtrahend is 0.5 to 0.6 times smaller than the difference between the outer diameter as the minuend and the inner diameter as the subtrahend, to achieve an optimum for supplying energy and determining the level of the current in connection with the circuit.

A current monitor circuit includes a sense resistor coupled to a direct current (DC) power supply to sense a current signal, an operational amplifier (op-amp) coupled to the sense resistor to sense a voltage developed across the sense resistor, and a low-pass filter coupled to the op-amp and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The low-pass filter reduces aliasing due to out-of-band signal content. The current monitor circuit is coupled to the ADC to provide real-time measurements of power supply load current as input to an active power management (APM) firmware.

Temporal history of voltage supply level enveloping high-speed transient events is provided by circuitry on the same chip or in the same multi-chip module as the processor cores. In some embodiments supply voltage to the processor cores is compared to predetermined or programmable thresholds, and the result of the comparisons are stored for use by a host processor.

An output voltage protection controller includes a comparator circuit and a voltage adjustment circuit. The comparator circuit compares a first voltage signal with a second voltage signal to generate a control signal that controls output voltage protection of a voltage regulator, wherein one of the first voltage signal and the second voltage signal is a feedback voltage derived from an output voltage of the voltage regulator, and another of the first voltage signal and the second voltage signal is a voltage detection threshold. The voltage adjustment circuit injects an offset voltage to the second voltage signal for dynamically adjusting the second voltage signal during a period in which a target regulated voltage level of the output voltage is a constant.

Provided are an apparatus and method for monitoring a wireless power transmitter. The apparatus for monitoring the wireless power transmitter includes a magnitude information detector included in a resonator of the wireless power transmitter and configured to detect magnitude information of voltages at opposite ends of an impedance device connected to the resonator, a phase difference detector configured to detect phase difference information of the voltages at the opposite ends of the impedance device, and a controller configured to monitor a state of the resonator on the basis of the magnitude information of the voltages at the opposite ends of the impedance device and the phase difference information, which are detected by the magnitude information detector and the phase difference detector.

A gate driver IC includes a first diode, a second diode, a first comparator, a second comparator, and a judgement circuit. The first comparator compares a first potential difference between both ends of the first diode and a first threshold. The second comparator compares a second potential difference between both ends of the second diode and a second threshold. Based on comparison results of the first comparator and the second comparator, the judgement circuit determines occurrence of disconnection.