A household PEF cooking appliance includes a cooking product container fillable with liquid and cooking product and including, on its inner faces, a plurality of mutually insulated electrodes. An excitation device supplies at least two of the plurality of electrodes with pulsed electric signals, and a resistance measuring device applies a measuring signal to at least two of the plurality of the electrodes in order to measure an associated current signal and to determine a resistance value of a content of the cooking product container. A control device operates the excitation device and the resistance measuring device separately and operates the excitation device based on the resistance value.

In accordance with an embodiment, an integrated circuit chip includes a first input configured to receive a rectified potential and a second input configured to receive a reference potential; a first circuit configured to maintain the rectified potential at a constant value on the first input; a second circuit having a power supply input coupled to the first node; a first resistor series-connected to the first circuit between the second input and the first node, or connected between the first input and the first node; a third circuit connected across the first resistor and configured to deliver a signal which is an image of a current in the first resistor; and a fourth circuit configured to determine a mains frequency and/or a mains voltage based at least on the signal which is the image of the current in the first resistor.

In accordance with an embodiment, an integrated circuit chip includes a first input configured to receive a rectified potential and a second input configured to receive a reference potential; a first circuit configured to maintain the rectified potential at a constant value on the first input; a second circuit having a power supply input coupled to the first node; a first resistor series-connected to the first circuit between the second input and the first node, or connected between the first input and the first node; a third circuit connected across the first resistor and configured to deliver a signal which is an image of a current in the first resistor; and a fourth circuit configured to determine a mains frequency and/or a mains voltage based at least on the signal which is the image of the current in the first resistor.

A substrate is provided. The substrate includes a front region having a front surface, a back region having a back surface, an edge exclusion region, and a chamfered surface. The back surface is laterally opposite the front surface. The edge exclusion region is surrounding the front region. The chamfered surface is at least partially arranged in the edge exclusion region.

In some examples, a method of operating a circuit may comprise performing a circuit function under normal conditions, performing the circuit function under aggravated conditions, predicting a potential future problem with the circuit function under the normal conditions based on an output of the circuit function under the aggravated conditions, and outputting a predictive alert based on predicting the potential future problem.

In some examples, a method of operating a circuit may comprise performing a circuit function under normal conditions, performing the circuit function under aggravated conditions, predicting a potential future problem with the circuit function under the normal conditions based on an output of the circuit function under the aggravated conditions, and outputting a predictive alert based on predicting the potential future problem.

A method is described for determining the resistance temperature characteristic of a ceramic glow plug, wherein the glow plug is heated at a specified power, wherein before the heating it is first determined whether the glow plug is an aged glow plug, and then, if the glow plug has not been detected as an aged glow plug, the glow plug is heated at a first specified power and the resistance value thereby achieved is assigned to a temperature that is anticipated to be the final temperature when heating a factory-outlet glow plug at this first power, or if the glow plug has been detected as an aged glow plug, the glow plug is heated at a reduced power which is smaller than the first power, and the resistance value achieved thereby is assigned to the same temperature that is also anticipated when heating a factory-outlet glow plug at the first power.

A method is described for determining the resistance temperature characteristic of a ceramic glow plug, wherein the glow plug is heated at a specified power, wherein before the heating it is first determined whether the glow plug is an aged glow plug, and then, if the glow plug has not been detected as an aged glow plug, the glow plug is heated at a first specified power and the resistance value thereby achieved is assigned to a temperature that is anticipated to be the final temperature when heating a factory-outlet glow plug at this first power, or if the glow plug has been detected as an aged glow plug, the glow plug is heated at a reduced power which is smaller than the first power, and the resistance value achieved thereby is assigned to the same temperature that is also anticipated when heating a factory-outlet glow plug at the first power.

A carbon nanofiber aggregate (CNFA) system and method provides self-sensing capabilities that can be used to detect strain, moisture, and temperature changes. The CNFA may include cement, aggregate, silica fume, high-range water reducer (HRWR), and/or carbon nanofibers. The metal meshes in the CNFA may be utilized to monitor the electric properties of the CNFA to detect strain, moisture, and temperature changes. The CNFA may be embedded in concrete structures to allow detection of strain, moisture, and temperature changes that may cause damage to structures. Several metal meshes may be embedded in the CNFA.

A carbon nanofiber aggregate (CNFA) system and method provides self-sensing capabilities that can be used to detect strain, moisture, and temperature changes. The CNFA may include cement, aggregate, silica fume, high-range water reducer (HRWR), and/or carbon nanofibers. The metal meshes in the CNFA may be utilized to monitor the electric properties of the CNFA to detect strain, moisture, and temperature changes. The CNFA may be embedded in concrete structures to allow detection of strain, moisture, and temperature changes that may cause damage to structures. Several metal meshes may be embedded in the CNFA.