An apparatus performs methods for device diagnostics based on signals from digital outputs. The apparatus includes an input/output module with a digital output module to be coupled to a device. The input/output module measures one or more characteristics of a digital signal provided by the digital output module, where at least one of the one or more characteristics of the digital signal is associated with an output current of the digital output module. The input/output module also performs one or more diagnostics using the one or more measured characteristics of the digital signal.

An apparatus performs methods for device diagnostics based on signals from digital outputs. The apparatus includes an input/output module with a digital output module to be coupled to a device. The input/output module measures one or more characteristics of a digital signal provided by the digital output module, where at least one of the one or more characteristics of the digital signal is associated with an output current of the digital output module. The input/output module also performs one or more diagnostics using the one or more measured characteristics of the digital signal.

A method and system that enhances a service life of a battery is provided. The method includes values of a set of operational characteristics of a plurality of electrochemically active materials of at least one electrode of the battery. The set of operational characteristics include a voltage, a change in accumulated energy, a change in ohmic resistance, and a change in a rate of change in accumulated energy with respect to a rate of change in ohmic resistance. The values are compared with predefined values of the set of operational characteristics. A rate of depletion and a type of depletion of each of the plurality of electrochemically active materials are determined, and a range of the State of Charge, a range of the voltage, and a range of current to operate the battery for enhanced service life are determined.

A method and system that enhances a service life of a battery is provided. The method includes values of a set of operational characteristics of a plurality of electrochemically active materials of at least one electrode of the battery. The set of operational characteristics include a voltage, a change in accumulated energy, a change in ohmic resistance, and a change in a rate of change in accumulated energy with respect to a rate of change in ohmic resistance. The values are compared with predefined values of the set of operational characteristics. A rate of depletion and a type of depletion of each of the plurality of electrochemically active materials are determined, and a range of the State of Charge, a range of the voltage, and a range of current to operate the battery for enhanced service life are determined.

An oscilloscope comprises a number of analog signal inputs for receiving respective analog input signals, an analog-to-digital converter, ADC, for every analog signal input, each ADC comprising an analog input and a digital output, the analog inputs being coupled to the respective one of the analog signal inputs for receiving the respective analog input signal, and the digital outputs outputting respective digital signals, and a signal processor coupled to the digital outputs of the ADCs that performs predetermined signal processing functions based on at least one of the digital signals and outputs a number of respective digital output signals.

A semiconductor device of an embodiment includes a main circuit configured to perform a predetermined operation to an input signal to output an output signal, an inverse operation circuit configured to receive the output signal of the main circuit as an input, and perform an inverse operation of the predetermined operation by using the output signal to output an inverse operation result signal, and a comparison circuit configured to compare the input signal and the inverse operation result signal, and output a predetermined signal when the input signal and the inverse operation result signal do not coincide with each other.

A harmonic distortion separation method, nonlinear character determination method, apparatus and system where a phase difference between an inherent harmonic and a generated harmonic is determined by using multiple groups of input power, output power and fundamental magnitudes of a memoryless nonlinear transfer function of a nonlinear model of a system to be measured, and power of a harmonic generated by the system to be measured is separated by using the phase difference. In an embodiment, the phase difference between the inherent harmonic and the generated harmonic is first determined by using an assumption that a model coefficient is a constant according to the set nonlinear model, then the harmonic separation is performed by using the phase difference, and the power of the harmonic generated by the system to be measured is calculated.

Provided is a multifunctional substrate inspection apparatus capable of selectively bringing probes into contact. The apparatus is provided with first and second probe bases 100, 200 to which probes 111-217 having different lengths and capable of contacting surfaces 10, 20 of a substrate 30, driving device 50 increasing and decreasing an interval between the first and second probe base 100, 200, an intermediate plate 300 capable of carrying the substrate 30 between the first and second probe bases 100, 200, a first extendable pole or equivalent support mechanism attached to the first probe base 100 and capable of pressing the substrate 30 with a biasing force F1 based on a driving force F of the driving device 50 transmitted via first biasing device 61, second biasing device 42 for urging the substrate 30 to be inspected away from the intermediate plate 300, and third biasing device 43 for urging the intermediate plate 300 away from the second probe base 200, the probes 111-217 being selectively brought into contact with the substrate 30 according to their different lengths.

A testing device and a method for testing a device under test are provided. The testing device comprises at least two signal generators, at least two numerically controlled oscillators, at least two white gaussian noise generators, at least two digital filters, each of which comprising a respective transfer function H.sub.i at least two adders, at least two digital-to-analog converters, and an analog processor.

A test and measurement device having a signal source, including an impairment generator configured to output an impairment and a waveform synthesizer. The waveform synthesizer receives an input digital signal to be synthesized, receives the impairment, and synthesizes a synthesized digital signal based on the input digital signal and the impairment. The test and measurement instrument also includes a fixed sample rate digital-to-analog converter configured to receive a clock signal and the synthesized digital signal and output an analog signal.