Estimating a charge state for a flat-voltage profile battery can be accomplished using impedance measurements. For example, an impedance measurement can be used to form a fuel gauge for a lithium-air (Li-Air) battery. As the impedance of a Li-Air battery increases during discharge, it corresponds to a state of charge (i.e., a charge state). The impedance can be used to create charge state data to use with a fuel gauge.

Apparatuses, systems, kits, methods and storage medium associated with using different electrical energy source types with an electric vehicle are disclosed herein.

Apparatuses, systems, kits, methods and storage medium associated with using different electrical energy source types with an electric vehicle are disclosed herein.

Apparatuses, systems, kits, methods and storage medium associated with using different electrical energy source types with an electric vehicle are disclosed herein.

Apparatuses, systems, kits, methods and storage medium associated with using different electrical energy source types with an electric vehicle are disclosed herein.

Various embodiments manage a fuel cell IT grid system to maintain fuel cell temperatures above a threshold temperature. The system may include power modules each including a fuel cell, DC/DC converters each connected to a power module, a DC power bus connected to the DC/DC, IT loads each connected to the DC power bus, a load balancing load connected to the DC power bus, and a control device connected to a first power module. The control device may determine whether a temperature of the first power module exceeds the temperature threshold, determine whether an electrical power output of the power modules exceeds an electrical power demand of the IT loads in response to the temperature exceeding the temperature threshold, and direct excess electrical power output to the load balancing load in response to the electrical power output exceeding the electrical power demand.

The concepts herein provide a method and associated system for charging a battery, such as a vehicle battery that is part of a propulsion system. The method includes determining a charging current profile for a lithium metal anode of the battery, determining an increasing current charging protocol based upon the charging current profile and charging the battery based upon the increasing current charging protocol.

The concepts herein provide a method and associated system for charging a battery, such as a vehicle battery that is part of a propulsion system. The method includes determining a charging current profile for a lithium metal anode of the battery, determining an increasing current charging protocol based upon the charging current profile and charging the battery based upon the increasing current charging protocol.

An apparatus for a battery system includes a switching unit and a processing unit. The switching unit includes a plurality of switching branches and a plurality of switching switches, where each of the plurality of switching branches includes a switching resistor, and the plurality of switching switches are configured to control the plurality of switching branches to be switched in or out between the following plurality of terminals and a reference ground: a positive electrode of a battery pack, a second terminal of a first contactor, a negative electrode of the battery pack, and a second terminal of a second contactor. The processing unit is configured to detect sampling point voltage information of the plurality of switching branches.

An apparatus for a battery system includes a switching unit and a processing unit. The switching unit includes a plurality of switching branches and a plurality of switching switches, where each of the plurality of switching branches includes a switching resistor, and the plurality of switching switches are configured to control the plurality of switching branches to be switched in or out between the following plurality of terminals and a reference ground: a positive electrode of a battery pack, a second terminal of a first contactor, a negative electrode of the battery pack, and a second terminal of a second contactor. The processing unit is configured to detect sampling point voltage information of the plurality of switching branches.