A method of field mapping a cell under load is provided. The method comprises the steps of: providing a cell; providing a Hall effect sensor comprising a graphene conductor for measuring a magnetic field; positioning the Hall effect sensor at a first position adjacent a face of the cell; applying a load to the cell; and measuring an output of the Hall effect sensor.

A magnetic sensor comprising: an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC); an insulating protective film formed on a surface of the ASIC; a substrate film formed on the insulating protective film; and a magnetic field detection element formed on the substrate film, the magnetic field detection element including two magnetic wires on the substrate film, a detection coil surrounding the two magnetic wires, two electrodes coupled to the two magnetic wires for wire energization, and two electrodes coupled to the coil for coil voltage detection.

Various embodiments are directed to a method and system for mapping or visualizing the magnetic fields and their associated field strengths of an object, such as a mobile computing device. An example source of the magnetic fields may be a near-field communication (NFC) reader configured in the object. A computer vision system or device may track a visual marker arranged near or on a magnetic field strength detector in order to associate, match, or map the magnetic field strength measurement readings of the detector at different positions or locations on the object. The computer vision system may generate and display a heat map of the object based on at least the magnetic field strength measurements and their relative positions.

The disclosure provides a magnetic field sensor for sensing the magnetic field caused by a current to be measured, which includes: substrate; a first drive electrode with a path for flowing a reference current supplied from the substrate arranged so as to be moveable by the magnetic field of the current to be measured; and a second drive electrode with a path for flowing a reference current supplied from the substrate arranged so as to be moveable by the magnetic field of the current to be measured, thus measuring the variation of a capacitance caused by the movement of the first drive electrode and the second drive electrode. Hence, the sensing is achieved by the two drive electrodes with no reference electrode, thus maximizing the mechanical displacement to improve the sensing capability.

Examples of a system for generating and confining a compact toroid are disclosed. The system comprises a plasma generator for generating magnetized plasma, a flux conserver for receiving the compact toroid, a power source for providing current pulse and a controller for actively controlling a current profile of the pulse to keep plasma's q-profile within pre-determined range. Examples of methods of controlling a magnetic lifetime of a magnetized plasma by controlling a current profile of the current pulse are disclosed.

Examples of a system for generating and confining a compact toroid are disclosed. The system comprises a plasma generator for generating magnetized plasma, a flux conserver for receiving the compact toroid, a power source for providing current pulse and a controller for actively controlling a current profile of the pulse to keep plasma's q-profile within pre-determined range. Examples of methods of controlling a magnetic lifetime of a magnetized plasma by controlling a current profile of the current pulse are disclosed.

A magnetic field detection sensor includes a magneto-impedance element configured to make use of the magneto-impedance effect, and a negative-feedback bias coil configured to apply a bias magnetic field to the magneto-impedance element. The magnetic field detection sensor is configured to detect an external magnetic field based on an output obtained by applying an alternating-current to the magneto-impedance element. The magneto-impedance element includes a non-magnetic substrate, and a magnetic thin-film that is provided on a surface of the non-magnetic substrate. The magnetic field detecting direction matches the longitudinal direction of the magneto-impedance element, and the magnetic thin-film is configured to have a magnetic anisotropy such that a direction of an axis of easy magnetization thereof matches the magnetic field detecting direction.

A magnetic field detection sensor includes a magneto-impedance element configured to make use of the magneto-impedance effect, and a negative-feedback bias coil configured to apply a bias magnetic field to the magneto-impedance element. The magnetic field detection sensor is configured to detect an external magnetic field based on an output obtained by applying an alternating-current to the magneto-impedance element. The magneto-impedance element includes a non-magnetic substrate, and a magnetic thin-film that is provided on a surface of the non-magnetic substrate. The magnetic field detecting direction matches the longitudinal direction of the magneto-impedance element, and the magnetic thin-film is configured to have a magnetic anisotropy such that a direction of an axis of easy magnetization thereof matches the magnetic field detecting direction.

Electronic circuits used in magnetic field sensors use transistors for passing a current through the transistors and also through a magnetoresistance element.

A magnetic field gradient sensor includes a support and a structure having at least a first and a second mobile element, at least one magnetic sensor, each magnetic sensor being mechanically secured to one of the first and/or second mobile elements so as to be able to apply a mechanical force to the structure in the presence of a magnetic field gradient, a coupler for coupling between the first and second mobile elements so that the structure can be moved in at least one balanced mechanical mode in the presence of a magnetic field gradient, and a sensor for measuring the movement of the structure at least in balanced mode.