Apparatus, method, and computer-accessible medium embodiments for a noninvasive mapping of electrical properties of tissues or materials. For example, it is possible to apply a plurality of stimulations to a target. It is possible to receive at least one signal from the target in response to the applied stimulations. Further, it is possible to process the at least one signal to determine electromagnetic-field-related quantities associated with the stimulations and the target response. Also, it is possible to supply the electromagnetic-field-related quantities to a system of equations relating these quantities to a plurality of electrical property values and residual field-related unknown values of the at least one target. It is also possible to determine a solution to the system of equations, including determining at least one electrical property of the at least one target.

There is disclosed a method for diagnosing a fault condition in an electric machine 4, the electric machine 4 comprising a rotor 10 having an axis of rotation 14 and comprising a plurality of permanent magnets M1-M8. The method comprises: rotating the rotor 10 so that each of the plurality of permanent magnets M1-M8 passes a magnetic flux density sensor 6; measuring values of magnetic flux density using the magnetic flux density sensor 6 at a plurality of positions of the rotor 10; analysing the measured values of magnetic flux density and comparing a magnitude of a peak amplitude in a time or frequency domain with a reference value; and if the peak amplitude is below the reference value, determining that the electric machine 4 has a fault condition.

A detector includes a detection winding, a detection winding measurement section, and a detection section. A magnetic core has a hole penetrating the magnetic core along a non-uniform cross section. The detection winding includes a wire inserted into the hole and surrounding a periphery of a detection region that is a part of the non-uniform cross section and has a magnetic flux density different from an average magnetic flux density of the non-uniform cross section. The detection winding measurement section performs a measurement relating to an electromotive force induced by the detection winding. The detection section detects a magnetic bias, a magnetic saturation, or an amount of magnetic flux in the magnetic core based on a measurement result of the detection winding measurement section.

A magnetic measurement device which can measure the magnetic characteristics in a microregion of a thin plate magnetic sample. After a magnetic sample is applied by a magnetic field and magnetized accordingly, by scanning the magnetic sample using a measuring part, the magnetic flux leakage in the magnetic sample can be measured. The magnetic flux leaks outside by magnetizing a first region and a second region of the magnetic sample in reciprocally opposite directions and reducing the demagnetizing field. Specifically, a magnetic field generating part with at least a pair of magnetic poles is used to perform the magnetization of multiple poles, or the magnetic field generating part applies a damped oscillation magnetic field to perform the magnetization, or a local magnetic field generating part which applies an alternating magnetic field and scans the surface of the sample at the same time is used to perform the magnetization.

A method for determining the elapsed time after discharge of a firearm is disclosed. The method utilizes the change in induced magnetization of a firearm to obtain a value for initial magnetization after discharge of the firearm. This value can then be compared with a magnetic base calibration obtainable through further testing of the magnetization over a period of time. By comparison between the initial magnetization and the base calibration, the time of discharge of the firearm can be estimated. The invention also includes apparatus for use in measuring the magnetization of a firearm, and a kit for implementation of the disclosed method.

Magnetic angular sensor element destined to sense an external magnetic field, including a magnetic tunnel junction containing a ferromagnetic pinned layer having a pinned magnetization, a ferromagnetic sensing layer, and a tunnel magnetoresistance barrier layer; the ferromagnetic sensing layer including a first sensing layer being in direct contact with the barrier layer and having a first sensing magnetization, a second sensing layer having a second sense magnetization, and a metallic spacer between the first sensing layer and the second sensing layer; wherein the metallic spacer is configured to provide an antiferromagnetic coupling between the first sensing magnetization and the second sensing magnetization such that the first sensing magnetization is oriented substantially antiparallel to the second sensing magnetization; the second sensing magnetization being larger than the first sensing magnetization, such that the second sensing magnetization is oriented in accordance with the direction of the external magnetic field.

A magnetic field sensing apparatus including a magnetic flux concentrator and a plurality of magnetoresistance units is provided. The magnetic flux concentrator has a top surface, a bottom surface opposite to the top surface, and a plurality of side surfaces connecting the top surface and the bottom surface. The magnetoresistance units are respectively disposed beside the side surfaces. The magnetoresistance units are electrically connected to form at least one kind of Wheatstone full bridge in three different periods, so as to measure magnetic field components in three different directions, respectively, and to cause the at least one kind of Wheatstone full bridge to output three signals corresponding to the magnetic field components in the three different directions, respectively.

An external Air Core Flux Measurement System for a production magnetizing system/devices which is a an application of magnetic energies and the respective energies of a magnetizing coil and measurement system for the efficient production of coils for automotive and other industries and a system for evaluating the quality of the cores and magnetic charge after magnetization. This is an air core meter with gauges driven by a dedicated circuit. The present invention provides a method and apparatus for the testing of coils with an air core separate from the magnetization step to eliminate errors and other distracting signals inherent to the measurement device when combined with the core magnetizing step.

The invention relates to a method for measuring ageing of permanent magnets (4) of a synchronous machine (1) comprising a stator (2) and a rotor (3), said machine (1) being fitted with at least one angular position sensor (la) of the rotor (3), the rotor (3) comprising the permanent magnets (4) provided to move said rotor around the stator (2), the angular position sensor (1a) comprising at least two fixed magnetic induction measurement sensors (6) extending to an axial end (3a) of the rotor (3), facing and immediately adjacent to the axial edges (4a) of the permanent magnets (4), characterized in that said method consists of: j1) determining, while stopped or during a laden or unladen rotation phase of the synchronous machine (1), the maximum value of the magnetic induction using the magnetic induction measurement sensors (6) and the electronic unit; j2) comparing the measured maximum magnetic induction value with a reference value; and j3) if the maximum magnetic induction value is less than the reference value, presenting a difference determined with respect to said reference value in order to generate warning information S using the electronics unit and, if this is not the case, returning to step j1).

A magnetoresistive stack includes a reference layer including a magnetic layer, an antiferromagnetic layer in exchange coupling with the magnetic layer, a magnetic layer substantially of the same magnetisation as the magnetic layer, a spacer layer between the magnetic layers with a thickness for enabling an antiferromagnetic coupling between the magnetic layers of a first coupling intensity, a free layer having a coercivity of less than 10 microTesla, the free layer including a magnetic layer, an antiferromagnetic layer in exchange coupling with the magnetic layer, a magnetic layer substantially of the same magnetisation as the magnetic layer, a spacer layer between the magnetic layers with a thickness for enabling an antiferromagnetic coupling between the magnetic layers of a second coupling intensity lower than the first coupling intensity, a third spacer layer separating the reference and free layers.